Girls’ rights

Can the movement achieve lasting change?

A movement to protect and expand girls' rights around the world is gaining support from governments, international donors and advocacy groups. Improving girls' lives is not only a moral issue — research shows it also speeds economic development. Activists are pushing to end child marriage, educate all girls, improve their reproductive health and reduce violence and discrimination against them. Although girls' mortality and school enrollment rates have been improving, obstacles remain. Nearly 120 million girls do not attend primary school, and 15 million girls under 18 marry each year, often under duress, ending their schooling and putting them at risk for domestic violence and health complications. In some countries girls' progress is threatened by religious extremists, such as the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria and Boko Haram in Nigeria. Activists say that to have lasting effects, girls' rights campaigns must establish effective onthe-ground programs that change societal attitudes as well as local policies.

O trecho de música abaixo é parte de “Ebony and Ivory”, composta por Paul McCartney e gravada em dueto com Stevie Wonder em 1982.

EBONY AND IVORY By Paul McCartney

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSvnIwg0lEA. Acessado em 21/10/2015.

Ebony and ivory live together in perfect harmony

Side by side on my piano keyboard, oh Lord, why don\'t we?

We all know that people are the same wherever we go

There is good and bad in ev\'ryone,

We learn to live, we learn to give

Each other what we need to survive together alive.

The land of cocoa wants to be the land of the

chocolate too. Bahia wants to add value to the

cocoa plantations, which are regaining strength

in the south of Bahia. More than 40 local chocolate

[5] brands have appeared in Bahia in the last few

years. Most of them are of high quality with

higher concentration of the raw material. The new

entrepreneurs are focusing on this kind of market

because it moves more than R$ 12 billion per year

[10] in Brazil, which is the third largest consumer of

chocolate in the world.

According to the text, fill in the parentheses with T (true) or F (false).

( ) Cocoa is produced in the southern part of Bahia.

( ) New local chocolate brands will appear in Bahia in the next years.

( ) The higher is the amount of cocoa, the better is the quality of the chocolate.

( ) The production of chocolate moves over 12 000 000 000 reais a year in Brazil.

( ) Only three countries consume more chocolate than Brazil.

Directions: Answer questionaccording to the text.

TEXT

CYBERBULLYING ON THE RISE

Bullying among children and teenagers is not

something new but it is getting more and more common

by modern methods of communication.

Cyberbullying happens when an adolescent is

[5] put in danger by another child or teenager by photos or

text messages sent to cell phones or posted on social

networks. Sometimes cyberbullies send mails with

sexual comments or take passwords of other teenagers

and log on to websites with false identities. Children also

[10] play Internet games and make fun of each other in many

ways.

A study by a Canadian University shows that

half of the young people interviewed said that they suffer

bullying. One of the reasons is the great use of cell

[15] phones over the past years. Today’s children are

connected with each other electronically. They call

friends every time they want or communicate with them

on Facebook.

Cyberbullying is getting extremely popular

[20] because teens can stay anonymous. Many adolescents

act this way because they feel frustrated or angry and

want to punish somebody for something that happened

to them. At other times they do it just for fun or because

have nothing else to do. Parents usually don’t know their

[25] child is a cyberbully. They perceive it just when the

victim or the victim’s parents contact them.

This kind of bullying is not as inoffensive as

many people think. In some cases it can lead to suicide.

Many countries have organized campaigns to inform

[30] adults and children of its dangers.

There are a few ways to prevent cyberbullying.

First, it is important to show children that they have to

respect others and they are responsible for what they

do. For victims it is important not to play the bully’s game

[35] or answer their emails and text messages. It is also

important to get help from parents and teachers.

Often schools get involved. They bring together

the parents of victims and cyberbullies and talk with

them. Cyberbullying does not always end at school.

[40] Often, parents go to the police and accuse the bullies.

Working for on demand startups like Uber and TaskRabbit is supposed to offer flexible hours and higher wages, but many workers have found the pay lower and the hours less flexible than they expected. Even more surprising: 8 percent of those chauffeuring passengers and 16 percent of those making deliveries said they lack personal auto insurance.

Those are among the findings from a survey about the work life of independent contractors for on demand startups, a booming sector of the tech industry, being released Wednesday.

“We want to shed light on the industry as a whole,” said Isaac Madan, a Stanford master’s candidate in bioinformatics who worked with two other Stanford students and a recent alumnus on the survey of 1,330 workers. “People need to understand how this space will change and evolve and help the economy.”

On demand, often called the sharing economy, refers to companies that let users summon workers via smartphone apps to handle all manner of services: rides, cleaning, chores, deliveries, car parking, waiting in lines. Almost uniformly, those workers are independent contractors rather than salaried employees.

That status is the main point of contention in a recent rash of lawsuits in which workers are filing for employee status. While the survey did not directly ask contractors if they would prefer to be employees, it found that their top workplace desires were to have paid health insurance, retirement benefits and paid time off for holidays, vacation and sick days – all perks of full time workers. Respondents also expressed interest in havingmore chances for advancement, education sponsorship, disability insurance and human relations support.

Because respondents were recruited rather than randomly selected, the survey does not claim to be representational but a conclusion one may come to is that flexibility of new jobs comes with a cost. Not all workers are prepared for that!

Read the following passage and answer the question

Roraima is an interesting mountain located in the Guiana Highlands. The peak actually shares the border with Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana, but the mountain is almost always approached from the Venezuela side. The Brazil and Guyana sides are much more difficult. The mountain's highest point is Maverick Rock which is at and on the Venezuela side.

Directions: Answer questionaccording to the text.

TEXT

CYBERBULLYING ON THE RISE

Bullying among children and teenagers is not

something new but it is getting more and more common

by modern methods of communication.

Cyberbullying happens when an adolescent is

[5] put in danger by another child or teenager by photos or

text messages sent to cell phones or posted on social

networks. Sometimes cyberbullies send mails with

sexual comments or take passwords of other teenagers

and log on to websites with false identities. Children also

[10] play Internet games and make fun of each other in many

ways.

A study by a Canadian University shows that

half of the young people interviewed said that they suffer

bullying. One of the reasons is the great use of cell

[15] phones over the past years. Today’s children are

connected with each other electronically. They call

friends every time they want or communicate with them

on Facebook.

Cyberbullying is getting extremely popular

[20] because teens can stay anonymous. Many adolescents

act this way because they feel frustrated or angry and

want to punish somebody for something that happened

to them. At other times they do it just for fun or because

have nothing else to do. Parents usually don’t know their

[25] child is a cyberbully. They perceive it just when the

victim or the victim’s parents contact them.

This kind of bullying is not as inoffensive as

many people think. In some cases it can lead to suicide.

Many countries have organized campaigns to inform

[30] adults and children of its dangers.

There are a few ways to prevent cyberbullying.

First, it is important to show children that they have to

respect others and they are responsible for what they

do. For victims it is important not to play the bully’s game

[35] or answer their emails and text messages. It is also

important to get help from parents and teachers.

Often schools get involved. They bring together

the parents of victims and cyberbullies and talk with

them. Cyberbullying does not always end at school.

[40] Often, parents go to the police and accuse the bullies.

Calvin and Hobbes