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Health experts in Brazil had a word of advice for the Olympic marathon swimmers, sailors and windsurfers competing in Rio de Janeiro’s picture-postcard waters: Keep your mouth closed.

Tests by government and independent scientists revealed a veritable petri dish of pathogens in many of the city’s waters, from rotaviruses that can cause diarrhea and vomiting to drug-resistant “superbacteria” that can be fatal to people with weakened immune systems.

Some athletes here for the Games and other competitions have been felled by gastrointestinal illness, including members of the Spanish and Austrian sailing teams. About a quarter of the participants were sidelined by nausea and diarrhea, organizers said.

The pathogens, potentially fatal to those with compromised immunities, probably come from local hospitals that discharge untreated waste. Although superbacteria may not pose a threat to healthy people, the organisms can remain in the body for years and wreak havoc if a person becomes otherwise sick.

Professor Renata Picão and other health experts say that unlike residents, who have been repeatedly exposed to sewage-borne pathogens, foreign visitors are more likely to fall ill after contact with contaminated waters

“If they couldn’t clean things up for the Olympics, a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, I’m afraid it might never happen.” She said.

Especialistas da área de saúde aconselharam os atletas que competiram em águas abertas nos Jogos Olímpicos do Rio a “manter a boca fechada”.

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Rio Olympics 2016: Opening Ceremony celebrates Brazil to open games.

The 2016 Olympics have been formally opened ………………… a colourful and pulsating ceremony at Rio\'s Maracana stadium.

Broadcast to an estimated audience of three billion, it celebrated Brazil\'s history, culture and natural beauty, before former marathon runner Vanderlei de Lima lit the Olympic cauldron.

Wimbledon champion Andy Murray led the Great Britain team into the arena.

The build-up to Rio 2016 has been played ……………. against a deep recession and political protests in Brazil.

The Games, the first to be held in South America, have also been disrupted by concerns ……….. the Russian doping scandal, the Zika virus and problems with the city\'s security, infrastructure and venues.

But organisers will hope the focus can now shift to the action ……….. 28 sports, with 207 teams, after the Games of the 31st Olympiad were officially opened.

The cauldron was lit …………… De Lima, who won bronze for Brazil in the marathon at the 2004 Games after he was grappled by a spectator while leading the race.

Football legend Pele had ruled himself out of performing the role saying he was not in the right "physical condition".

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Hijacked jets destroy Twin Towers: a creeping horror
[1] The horror arrived in epsodic bursts of chilling disbelief,
signified first by trembling floors, sharp eruptions, cracked
windows. There was the cruel sight of bodies helplessly
tumbling out, some of ________ in flames.
[5] Finally, the high and impressive towers themselves were
reduced to nothing. Dense plumes of smoke raced through the
downtown avenues, coursing between the buildings, shaped
like tornadoes on their sides.
Every sound was cause for alarm. A plane appeared
[10] overhead. Was another one coming? No, it was a fighter jet.
But was it friend or enemy? People scrambled for ________
lives, but ________ didn’t know where to go. Should people go
north, south, east, west? Stay outside, go indoors? People hid
beneath cars and each other. Some contemplated jumping
[15] into the river (…).
Fonte:The New York Times, Sep. 12, 2001.

GLOSSARY
chilling disbelief – incredulidade assustadora
trembling floors – o tremor dos andares
to scramble – lutar

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Bullying behaviour often emerges in childhood, and the consequences for victims can last a lifetime.

When RubySam Youngz was singled out by a bully at the age of 10 in her last year of primary school, she felt isolated and confused. She had just moved with her family from England to Wales and the bully honed in on her accent. They then started mocking her appearance. “Nothing really made sense to me,” she says. “I’m in a new place, I don’t really know anyone, no one likes me, and I really do not know why.”

Youngz says the relentless bullying, which continued through secondary school, had a knock-on effect in all areas of her life, and she took up smoking and drinking in an attempt to cope. Now aged 46, it is only in the past year that she has come to terms with the effect that the bullying had on her.

“I felt like ‘no one else likes me, so I don’t like me’,” she says.

Her experience underlines a painful truth. Children, for all their innocence and inexperience of the world, can be some of the most vicious bullies. Their actions, perhaps less hindered by the social norms we learn in later life, can be merciless, violent and shocking. And they can have life-long implications for the victims.