Read the following text to answer question.

Read the following text to answer questions 15 to 18. Simply stated, computational linguistics is no more than the use of electronic digital computers in linguistic research. These machines are employed to scan texts and to produce, more rapidly and more reliably than is possible without their aid, such valuable tools for linguistic and stylistic research as word lists, frequency counts, and concordances. But more interesting and theoretically much more difficult than the compilation lists, is the use of computers for automatic grammatical analysis andtranslation. A considerable amount of progress was made in the area of machine translation in the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France between the mid- 1950's and the mid-1969's, but much of the original impetus for this work has now disappeared, due in part to the realization that the problems involved are infinitely more complex than was at first envisaged. Thus, translation continues to remain as much anart as a science, ifnot more so.

Antarctic Ozone Layer Shows Signs of Healing

By Tessa Berenson @tcberenson

A study published in the journal Science found that the hole in the ozone layer is closing. The researchers found that the average size of the ozone hole when measured each September has shrunk by more than 1.7 million square miles since 2000.

The scientists credit the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which cut the production of chemicals that damage the ozone layer, with facilitating the healing. “We can now be confident that the things we\'ve done have put the planet on a path to heal,” Susan Solomon of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who led the team of scientists, said in a statement.

Military operations in megacities A linguistic perspective

The challenge of conducting future military operations within megacities (cities with populations over ten million) lies in understanding the dynamic and multidimensional complexities of these urban areas. Military operations in megacities, whether combat-oriented or otherwise, will be similar to those in other urban environments, but will be complicated by factors unique to the megacity environment.

First and foremost, megacities are largely multilingual. While this can be said of large cities in general, the scale of multilingualism in megacities magnifies its effects. For instance, in New York City (NYC) – a metropolitan megacity of over eighteen million people – nine foreign languages are spoken by communities of one hundred thousand or larger. Language also plays a role in determining one’s identity and the language community in which one decides to live. For example, the majority of Russian speakers in NYC tend to live in south Brooklyn and Staten Island, while Chinese speakers tend to cluster in Manhattan and Sunset Park. In megacities, language, culture, and regional context go hand in hand and often reach beyond ethnic identities.

In order to fully understand the context of a megacity, we must understand the role of the languages used in its communities. How ________(1) language communities interact in megacities? What tensions ___________(2) caused by multiple language communities in urban space? What role ___________(3) language play in the power structures (government or otherwise) of megacities?

Leia os versos iniciais do poema The White Man’s Burden

(O fardo do homem branco).

Take up the White Man’s burden

Send forth the best ye breed -

Go send your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need

To wait in heavy harness

On fluttered folk and wild-

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half devil and half child (...)

X-Rays of Brazil in PISA

(Program for International Student Assessment)

- 61% of Brazilian students are low-performing in Science. In the best cases, they are capable of providing obvious explications.

- In reading, 50% of the country’s students are below the basic proficiency level, which means that, at most, they are capable of recognizing the main idea of a text or the thesis of an author. The mean score in reading for girls is higher than that for boys by 31 points.

- 67.1% of the students are low-performing in Mathematics. In the best case scenario, they can extract information from a single source and use basic algorithms or formulas to solve problems. The average score of boys is superior to that of girls by 18 points.

- 1.9% of Brazilian students who live under disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions can overcome them and their performance in school is higher than expected.

Read the excerpt of the comics below (TEXT) to answer question.

TEXT: Mickey, Pluto and Goofy