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Can Cellular Agriculture Feed the World?

Within 20 years, there will be 2 billion more people than today — over 9 billion people in total. The impact to the environment could be severe. Just feeding that population using current methods is problematic.

On average, cattle ranchers need 100 times more land than corn growers to produce a gram of food. So, if that hungry world continues to eat meat like we do, the demand for land — and fresh water — will be alarming, not to mention the environmental impact of raising so many animals. Meat production aside, the large-scale monoculture of crops like corn usually results in damaging terrestrial pollution from pesticides and soil depletion. The impact to the oceans is equally perilous.

Instead of farming animals, fish and plants, cellular agriculture grows the proteins and nutrients we consume from a culture, cell by cell. With this alternative approach, the consumable meat and plant tissues produced don’t need to be harvested from animals or plants. It’s food production on an industrial scale.

The technology to do this is not new. Growing meat from a scaffold embedded in growth culture is no different in theory than making bread from yeast. The vast majority of insulin for diabetics is already manufactured by genetically engineered bacteria, as is the rennet used to culture cheese. In the past 10 years, this approach has been pioneered with a variety of foodstuffs: milk, eggs, beef, chicken, fish — even coffee.

To succeed, cellular agriculture must overcome 6,000 years of established dependence on traditional agriculture, and it has to do so via one of the most finicky human senses: taste. No one will eat manufactured meat or fish if it doesn’t have the same sensual satisfaction generated by the grown version. So, in addition to all the technical challenges in creating edible tissues from cultures, the startups pioneering this approach are working diligently to make their products tasty.

The possibilities for cellular agriculture are seemingly limitless; it may be possible to grow human organs for transplant using the method. But it is still early days.

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Is an autonomous ship a 'ship' in the eyes of the law?

Different defmitions of 'ship' appear in different statutes and conventions, and it has often fallen to judges to decide if a floating object is, or is not, a 'ship'. __________________, none of the defmitions of'ship' requires that the floating object be manned, generally simply requiring that it be used or be capable of being used in navigation. Whether this is by remote control or fully autonomous would not appear to be a problem in terms of the legal definition of a 'ship'. It appears probable, ___________________, that autonomous ships are likely to fali within the legal definition of 'ship' and so will have to comply with the relevant laws and conventions __________________ the laws themselves might require some modification.

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Ebola Explained

Ebola is a highly infectious virus that attacks the internal organs. Symptoms include fever, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting and bleeding. The disease is spread through contact with bodily fluids of infected animals and humans. Fruit bats are considered the natural host of the virus. Ebola first appeared in the DRC and Sudan in 1976. Outbreaks occur mainly in rural areas in Central and West Africa in the tropical rainforests. The current outbreak is the deadliest and the most widespread. It started in Guinea in March this year and has spread to Sierra Leone and Liberia. More than 930 people have been killed by the deadly virus and that number continues to rise. The fatality rate is as high as 90 percent and there is currently no known cure.

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Bilingual Education for the 21st Century

Bilingual education in the 21st century must face the complexity brought about by the freer movement of people, services, and goods that characterizes our more globalized and technological world. In the second half of the 20th century, bilingual education grew around the world as a way to educate children who didn't speak the state's language or, in some cases, to recapture the heritage language of a group. This in itself was an innovation over the use of bilingual education only to educate the children of the elite.

In the 21st century, however, the complex and dynamic links created by technology and globalized markets, coupled with the importance of English and other “big” languages, challenge our old conceptions of bilingual education. UNESCO in 1953 declared that it was axiomatic that the child's native language be used to teach children to read, but basic literacy, even in one's own language, is insufficient to be a world citizen in the 21st century.

It has been predicted that by 2050, English will be accompanied by Chinese, Arabic, Spanish and Urdu, as the world's big languages, ordered not only with English at the top as it has been up to now, but with an increasing role for the other four “big” languages. Countries throughout the world are providing options to their children to be schooled in two or more languages. The European Union, for example, has recently adopted a policy of “Mother Tongue + 2” encouraging schools throughout the EU to develop children's trilingual proficiency. For those purposes, a model of teaching is being promoted that encourages the use of the languages other than the child's mother tongue in subject instruction. Ofelia Garcia is Professor of Bilingual Education at Teachers College, Columbia University

Fort De Soto Park, St. Petersburg, Florida

One of the most dog-friendly beaches in Florida, Fort De Soto State Park not only welcomes pets on the sand, but also has special Paw Playgrounds for big and small dogs with shade and water stations. Dogs must be leashed when they enter and exit the beach, but can enjoy the water and sand off leash with their owners the rest of their visit. In a recently released survey, Fort De Soto was one of Invitation Homes Top 10 Dog Beaches, where factors such as leash laws, whether pets can go in the water, what times of the year pets are allowed on the beach, and whether there is a pet-only section were evaluated. “For anyone who lives near the beach or takes their pet on vacation, there is nothing like seeing the joy of your ‘best friend’ frolicking in the sand,” says Marnie Vaughn, vice president of operations in Florida.

TEXTO:

Coconut oil has earned and lost its reputation as
a so-called superfood in recent years. That’s rightly so,
according to a Harvard professor who has labeled it
“pure poison.”Karin Michels, professor of the
department of epidemiology at Harvard School of Public
Health, explained recently that, regardless of the advice
peddled by unqualified and self-appointed online health
gurus, consuming coconut oil carries a raft of health
risks.Michels said that the substance poses a greater
risk to heart health than lard as it is almost entirely made
up of saturated fatty acids. These are believed to block
our arteries.
Generally, fats packed with fatty acids are those
that are solid at room temperature. According to the
American Heart Association, the average person should
only consume around 11 to 13 grams of saturated fat
per day, or 5 to 6 percent of their total daily
calories.Unsaturated fats such as those found in olive
oil, on the other hand, should also be eaten in
moderation, but they could improve blood cholesterol.
Michels is the latest to question the health benefits
of coconut oil. Last year, the American Heart Association
updated its science advisory, urging the public to avoid
consuming coconut oil if possible. Following an analysis
of over 100 studies dating back to the 1950s,
researchers concluded saturated fats raise so-called
bad cholesterol, or LDL. Coconut oil was found to spike
LDL levels in seven controlled trials.

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What is Sociology?

Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. Since all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for research, theory, and application of knowledge.

Sociology provides many distinctive perspectives on the world, generating new ideas and critiquing the old. The field also offers a range of research techniques that can be applied to virtually any aspect of social life: street crime and delinquency, corporate downsizing, how people express emotions, welfare or education reform, how families differ and flourish, or problems of peace and war. Because sociology addresses the most challenging issues of our time, it is a rapidly expanding field whose potential is increasingly tapped by those who craft policies and create programs. Sociologists understand social inequality, patterns of behavior, forces for social change and resistance, and how social systems work. As the following pages convey, sociology is an exciting discipline with expanding opportunities for a wide range of career paths.

De acordo com o texto, a Sociologia oferece técnicas de pesquisa que podem ser aplicadas a muitos aspectos da vida em sociedade.

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Pluto should be reclassified as a planet, experts say

The reason Pluto lost its planet status is not valid, according to new research from the University of Central Florida in Orlando. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a global group of astronomy experts, established a definition of a planet that required it to "clear" its orbit, or in other words, be the largest gravitational force in its orbit. […]

Metzger, who is lead author on the study, reviewed scientific literature from the past 200 years and found only one publication -- from 1802 -- that used the clearing-orbit requirement to classify planets, and it was based on since-disproven reasoning.

"It's a sloppy definition," Metzger said of the IAU's definition. "They didn't say what they meant by clearing their orbit. If you take that literally, then there are no planets, because no planet clears its orbit." […]

Metzger said that the definition of a planet should be based on its intrinsic properties, rather than ones that can change, such as the dynamics of a planet's orbit. "Dynamics are not constant, they are constantly changing," Metzger said. "So, they are not the fundamental description of a body, they are just the occupation of a body at a current era."

Instead, Metzger recommends classifying a planet based on if it is large enough that its gravity allows it to become spherical in shape. "And that's not just an arbitrary definition, Metzger said. "It turns out this is an important milestone in the evolution of a planetary body, because apparently when it happens, it initiates active geology in the body."