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What do nationalists believe in? (Part III)

Nationalists' primary belief is that people in similar societies benefit when they are united by shared values and a common belief system.

"Uniting people -- whether under flags, banners, anthems, or constitutions -- is conducive to a more robust civic society and stronger communities," Kassam said.

But Miller dismisses that as an "incoherent" ideology. "No one has ever been able to agree on what defines the nation. It is impractical because there is no feasible way to make governments overlap exactly with all the supposed nations in the world today," Miller said.

Nationalists are also populists and consider themselves sticking up for the common, working man against the elites and so-called globalists. There are voters in both US political parties receptive to that kind of messaging, and that's why the fiery populist rhetoric of Bernie Sanders and Trump during the 2016 campaign ended up appealing to overlapping groups of voters.

Nationalists are also extremely protectionist, preferring to look inward when it comes to matters of foreign affairs and trade. Trump's political positions have shifted all of his life, but the one constant has been his distrust of international trade agreements and his belief that they're ultimately bad for the United States.

"We must protect our borders from the ravages of other countries making our products, stealing our companies and destroying our jobs," Trump said during his inaugural speech in January 2017. "Protection will lead to great prosperity and strength."

This type of thinking is typical of nationalists.

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What is Authoritarianism?

Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government - and defining different forms of government isn't as easy as it might seem.

All nations have an official type of government as designated in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency’s World Factbook. However, a nation’s own description of its form of government can often be less than objective. For example, while the former Soviet Union declared itself a democracy, its elections were not “free and fair” as only one party with state- approved candidates were represented. The USSR is more correctly classified as a socialist republic.

In addition, the boundaries between various forms of government can be fluid or poorly-defined, often with overlapping characteristics. Such is the case with totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism.

An authoritarian state is characterized by a strong central government that allows people a limited degree of political freedom. However, the political process, as well as all individual freedoms, is controlled by the government without any constitutional accountability. In 1964, Juan José Linz, Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Political Science at Yale University, described the four most recognizable characteristics of authoritarian states as:

- Limited political freedom with strict government controls imposed on political institutions and groups like legislatures, political parties, and interest groups

- A controlling regime that justifies itself to the people as a “necessary evil” uniquely capable of coping with “easily recognizable societal problems” such as hunger, poverty, or violent insurgency

- Strict government-imposed constraints on social freedoms such as suppression of political opponents and anti-regime activity

- The presence of a ruling executive with vague, shifting, and loosely defined powers

Modern dictatorships, such as Venezuela under Hugo Chávez or Cuba under Fidel Castro, typify authoritarian governments. While the People’s Republic of China under Chairman Mao Zedong was considered a totalitarian state, modern-day China is more accurately described as an authoritarian state because its citizens are now allowed some limited personal freedoms.

O texto a seguir é referência para aquestão.

More Than Just Children’s Books

Krumulus, a small bookstore in Germany, has everything a kid could want: parties, readings, concerts, plays, puppet shows, workshops and book clubs.

“I knew it was going to be very difficult to open a bookstore, everyone tells you you’re crazy, there will be no future,” says Anna Morlinghaus, Krumulus’s founder. Still, she wanted to try. A month before her third son was born, she opened the store in Berlin’s Kreuzberg district.

BERLIN — On a recent Saturday afternoon, a hush fell in the bright, airy “reading-aloud” room at Krumulus, a small children’s bookstore in Berlin, as Sven Wallrodt, one of the store’s employees, stood up to speak. Brandishing a newly published illustrated children’s book about the life of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the printing press, he looked at the crowd of eager, mostly school-aged children and their parents. “Welcome to this book presentation”, he said. “If you fall asleep, snore quietly”. Everyone laughed, but no one fell asleep. An hour later, the children followed Wallrodt down to the bookstore’s basement workshop, where he showed them how Gutenberg fit leaden block letters into a metal plate. Then the children printed their own bookmark using a technique similar to Gutenberg’s, everyone was thrilled.

Based on the text, consider the following items:

1. The name of the person who established a small bookstore in Germany.
2. The procedures a person has to undergo in order to open a bookstore in Germany.
3. Some of the activities Krumulus can make available for children.
4. The neighborhood where the entrepreneur decided to open her bookstore.

Read the text and answer the question.

The idea of evolution (which is gradual change) was not a new one. The Greeks had thought of it, so Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles, and also the Frenchman, Lamarck. It is one thing to have an idea; we can all of us guess and sometimes make a lucky guess.

HONG KONG AND TAIWAN ARE CULTURAL POWERHOUSES. THAT TERRIFIES BEIJING.

The successes of Hong Kong, Taiwan and the rest of the Chinese diaspora have always been an embarrassment for Beijing. Not only are they reminders of China’s historical failures, but they also represent an alternative way of life, where peoples of the same origin could somehow thrive outside of the watchful eye of the Communist Party.

To Beijing, that’s an irreconcilable insult, a memory that needs to be murdered.

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

Roberto: Hey, Loreto. Got a minute?
Loreto: I’m going to a meeting off-site, but we can talk if you don’t
mind walking me to my car.
Roberto: Sure, okay. I just wanted to ask if you’re interested in carpooling to work. We only live a few blocks from each other.
Loreto: Thanks for asking, but I’m not sure carpooling would work
for me. Sometimes I run late in the morning and I wouldn’t want to
hold you up.
Roberto: We wouldn’t have to commute together every day, only
on those days that are convenient for both of us. Carpooling has its
advantages, too. In addition to doing our part for the environment,
we could use the high-occupancy carpool lanes. That’ll save time,
especially if there’s a lot of traffic congestion.
Loreto: Yeah, I guess that could cut down on our commute time.
Roberto: We also get preferential treatment for parking on the days
we carpool.
Loreto: How would it work? Do we set up a schedule and take
turns driving?
Roberto: Why don’t I swing by and pick you up tomorrow morning
and we can talk more about it?
Loreto: If you don’t mind picking me up en route, that would be
great. By the way, how do you know where I live?
Roberto: Oh, I asked around. See you tomorrow.

No texto, o leitor toma conhecimento da prática de carpooling bem como de alguns de seus benefícios.

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Hero for All: Martin Luther King, Jr.

Civil Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., never backed down in his stand against racism. Learn more about the life of this courageous hero who inspired millions of people to right a historical wrong

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1929. At the time in that part of the country, segregation—or the separation of races in places like schools, buses, and restaurants—was the law. He experienced racial prejudice from the time he was very young, which inspired him to dedicate his life to achieving equality and justice for Americans of all colors. King believed that peaceful refusal to obey unjust law was the best way to bring about social change.

King and his wife, Coretta Scott King, lead demonstrators on the fourth day of a historic fiveday march in 1965. Starting in Selma, Alabama, where local African Americans had been campaigning for the right to vote, King led thousands of nonviolent demonstrators 54 miles to the state capitol of Montgomery.

King was arrested several times during his lifetime. In 1960, he joined black college students in a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter. Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy interceded to have King released from jail, an action that is credited with helping Kennedy win the presidency.

In the sentence: King was arrested several times during his lifetime.

TEXTO

Vest November 2020

One of our belter-known teachers, Mr. Robinson, was called by the faculty director soon after the students had taken mid-term examinations.

“This is serious,"said the director. “You know how | feel about cheating. Well, a couple of your students have just taken the same examination and they've turned in the same answers to the first nine of the ten questions. Can you account for that?"

“Why, certainly “answered the quick-thinking teacher. “Those are two of my smartest boys and they studied together so they memorized the same answers.”

“You may be right, 'replied the director. "Il believe such a possibility does exist. It's the tenth and last question that bothers me.”

"How so?"asked the teacher.

“See for yourself, “said the director. And he handed the examination papers to the teacher. The first of the students had answered the question by writing: "I don't know what this question means.” And the other had written: “Neither do I".

TEXTO

The Great Dictator was Charlie Chaplin’s first film
with dialogue. Chaplin plays both a little Jewish barber,
living in the ghetto, and Hynkel, the dictator ruler of
Tomainia – a dead-on parody of German dictator Adolf
[5] Hitler, to whom Chaplin bore a remarkable physical
resemblance, in part because Hitler had chosen the
same toothbrush moustache as the Little Tramp.
Exploiting that resemblance, Chaplin devised a satire
in which the dictator and a Jewish barber from the
[10] ghetto would be mistaken for each other. In the movie,
the Jewish barber, who is mistaken for the dictator
he resembles, is asked to take his place. At the film’s
conclusion, he rejects his position as emperor and
gives an impassioned speech that has become one
[15] of the most famous in film history.
“There was something uncanny in the
resemblance between the Little Tramp and Adolf
Hitler, representing opposite poles of humanity,” writes
Chaplin biographer David Robinson. “Providence was
[20] in an ironical mood when it was ordained that Charles
Chaplin and Adolf Hitler should make their entry into
the world within four days of each other….Each in
his own way has expressed the ideas, sentiments,
aspirations of the millions of struggling citizens
[25] ground between the upper and the lower millstone of
society. (…) Each has mirrored the same reality – the
predicament of the “little man” in modern society. Each
is a distorting mirror, the one for good, the other for
untold evil.”
[30] The movie, released in 1940, was the highestgrossing of his career (was nominated for five
Academy Awards), although it would cause him great
difficulties and indirectly lead to his long exile from the
United States.