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Why do we need the law to protect personal data?

The right to have data protected is generally based on the Federal Constitution of 1988 [3]. The Federal Senate recently approved a Proposed Amendment to the Constitution (PEC No. 17/2019) to include the data protection made available in digital media in the individual guarantees list of the Constitution, expressing conformity to the principles. It was then up to the LGPD to regulate the protection and privacy of personal data to make its exercise possible. Thus, the Law No. 13,709 / 2018 (General Data Protection Law) affects the registration of users and customers, changing the way organizations should treat personal data, to protect the fundamental rights of freedom, privacy and to respect the free development of personality.

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Significant developments in a new urine test for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men. Although there are effective treatments, such as radiotherapy and surgery for localized prostate cancer, men diagnosed with more progressive prostate cancer have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, a sensitive and specific screening test to detect prostate cancer in its early states is urgently needed.

Currently, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examinations have been used as the screening and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer. However, researchers believe that a simple, non-invasive technique using urine can be a more sensitive and specific way to detect the early stages of the disease. Urine contains more than two thousand different metabolites and can provide clues to the human body’s metabolism, including the disordered metabolism of cancer cells.

Researchers in the United States have taken the opportunity to develop a new urine test for prostate cancer based on the metabolite profile and RNA sequencing found in prostate cancer-specific urine. The researchers took an approach that only required one single pass of urine, without the need for prostatic massage prior, to prove their principle that a simple urine sample could be sufficient for the identification of prostate cancer biomarkers.

Metabolic profiles of patients without cancer were taken and compared with metabolic profiles of patients with prostate cancer to identify metabolic changes and prostate cancerspecific biomarkers. The findings are the first to report a distinct prostate cancer profile from altered metabolic pathways in patient urine samples that can be differentiated between patients with normal prostates and benign prostatic hyperplasia (benign enlargement of the prostate).

The researchers conclude that their findings are a significant discovery to developing a new urine test for prostate cancer that is simple, non-invasive and convenient. The study’s proof-of-concept should be further tested and validated in larger sample sizes before it can be clinically implemented.

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Ever heard of the gnu goat, the red-eared guenon or the Gila monster? They could be the future icons of conservation, according to a study. Scientists say these little-known animals are key to raising money for protecting vulnerable ecosystems. The likes of tigers and elephants, which appeal to the masses, are often selected for fundraising campaigns. But this approach has been criticised for neglecting many other species that need our help.

“It’s time for us to put some science behind the species we use to market and fundraise for conservation — rather than framing our approach around what’s popular or seen as ‘cute’ by the public,” said Dr Hugh Possingham, chief scientist at conservation NGO, The Nature Conservancy.

To test whether a more scientific approach could have wider benefits for vulnerable ecosystems, the researchers compiled data on protected areas, human impacts, and the ranges of thousands of animals. They identified priority places for conservation in the world and suitable “flagship species” to fundraise for them. “We can’t afford to waste a single conservation dollar. Given the state of the biodiversity crisis we need to be strategic, effective and efficient with the conservation work that we do”, said Dr Jennifer McGowan of Australia’s Macquarie University. Flagship species are a good way “to appeal to hearts and minds”, she said, citing images from the recent wildfires in Australia showing injured koalas. “Millions of dollars were raised — because no-one can look at those pictures and not have their hearts break.”

The study, published in Nature Communications, compiled a list of hundreds of mammals, birds and reptiles that could act as new flagship species. They are charismatic in their own right, but often overlooked in favour of more iconic alternatives. Animals highlighted include:

- The Andean bear from the Andean mountain forests.
- The fossa, a cat-like predator from Madagascar.
- The rhinoceros hornbill of south-east Asia.
- The secretary bird of the East African savannahs.
- The Gila monster, which lives in the deserts of Mexico and the US.

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When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?

Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are deceiving. This rainforest — which holds 16,000 separate tree species — is slowly drying out.
Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has risen by 1-1.5 °C. In some parts, the dry season has expanded during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga, are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.
At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has already shrunk the forest by around 15% from its 1970s extent of more than 6 million square kilometres; in Brazil, which contains more than half the forest, more than 19% has disappeared. Last year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost 10,000 km², the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019, videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines. The number of fires that month was the highest for any August since an extreme drought in 2010.

Examine o cartum de Caitlin Cass, publicado no Instagram da revista The New Yorker em 10.03.2019.

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The Family Role During Patient’s Hospitalization

Family has a significant role in hospital treatment of patients, since it can provide effective psychological and emotional support to patients undergoing treatment to hospital. Additionally, the above role of family is not only significant for adults but also for children and pregnant women, who need their husbands during their childbirth. Consequently, the medical and nursing staff needs to maintain a continuous contact with parents and relatives of patients, and provide them with the appropriate information concerning the condition of their patient and the progress of the therapeutic programme.

Moreover, the role of family, friends, and relatives is of vital importance for the maintenance of quality of life in hospitalized patients with chronic problems. This, because family can satisfy basic needs of the patient in the hospital to a large extent. Additionally, family can help him decrease his stress, while it can encourage him to correspond effectively in the therapeutic form he follows.

The reciprocal effect takes place because family is a social system, which is constituted by individuals interacting with each other. Thus, any change in the system influences its stability. Since family constitutes a system, illness of a member of the system has a direct effect on all the system. Moreover, the way that the system reacts has a direct effect on the member that suffers. Consequently, the more effectively the system functions, the better its members are adapted. For this reason, all the members of family need to adapt to various problems of patients, in order to provide them with effective psychological and emotional support.