A questão referem-se ao texto destacado a seguir.

When my family first moved to North Carolina, we lived in a rented house three blocks from the school where I would begin the third grade. My mother made friends with one of the neighbors, but one seemed enough for her. Within a year we would move again and, as she explained, there wasn't much point in getting too close to people we would have to say good-bye to. Our next house was less than a mile away, and the short journey would hardly merit tears or even good- byes, for that matter. It was more of a 'see you later” situation, but still I adopted my mother's attitude, as it allowed me to pretend that not making friends was a conscious choice. I could if I wanted to. It just wasn't the right time.

Back in New York State, we had lived in the country, with no sidewalks or streetlights; you could leave the house and still be alone. But here, when you looked out the window, you saw other houses, and people inside those houses. I hoped that in walking around after dark I might witness a murder, but for the most part our neighbors just sat in their living rooms, watching TV. The only place that seemed truly different was owned by a man named Mr. Tomkey, who did not believe in television [...].

To say that you did not believe in television was different from saying that you did not care for it. Belief implied that television had a master plan and that you were against it. It also suggested that you thought too much. When my mother reported that Mr. Tornkey did not believe in television, my father said, *Well, good for him. I don't know that I believe in it, either”. “That's exactly how I feel” my mother said, and then my parents watched the news, and
whatever came on after the news.

TEXTO PARA A QUESTÃO

As astronomers gaze into the depths of space, they do so with
unease: They don't know precisely what the universe is made of.

Surprisingly, no one knows the stars' exact chemical
composition: how many carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms
[5] they have relative to hydrogen, the most common element.

These numbers are crucial, because they affect how stars
live and die, what types of planets form and even how readily
life might arise on other world's.

Twenty years ago, astronomers expressed confidence in the
[10] numbers they had been working with. Now, not so much. The
problem lies not in the far corners of the cosmos, but much
closer to home. Astonishingly, scientists don't know exactly
what the sun is made of. As a result, they don't know what the
other stars are made of, either.

[15] “The sun is a fundamental yardstick,” says Martin Asplund,
an astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, in
Germany. “When we determine the abundance of a certain
element in a star or a galaxy or a gas cloud anywhere in the
universe, we use the sun as a reference point.”

[20] The sun's location in the Milky Way also makes it a good
representative of the entire galaxy. Most stars reside in giant
galaxies like the Milky Way, which makes the sun a touchstone
for the entire cosmos.

For nearly a century, astronomers have judged stars normal
[25] or not by seeing whether their chemical compositions match the
sun's. Most stars near us do; some don't.

Vaccines work by training and preparing the body’s natural defences – the immune system – to recognize and fight off viruses and bacteria. If the body is exposed to those disease-causing pathogens later, it will be ready to destroy them quickly – which prevents illness. When a person gets vaccinated against a disease, their risk of infection is also reduced – so they’re also less likely to transmit the virus or bacteria to others. As more people in a community get vaccinated, fewer people remain vulnerable, and there is less possibility for an infected person to pass the pathogen on to another person.

‘Herd immunity’, also known as ‘population immunity’, is the indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when immunity develops in a population either through vaccination or through previous infection. In communities with high immunity, the non-immune people have a lower risk of disease than they otherwise would, but their reduced risk results from the immunity of people in the community in which they are living (i.e. herd immunity) not because they are personally immune. When vaccine coverage is very high, the risk of disease among those who are non-immune can become similar to those who are truly immune.

The World Health Organization (WHO) supports achieving ‘herd immunity’ through vaccination, not by allowing a disease to spread through a population, as this would result in unnecessary cases and deaths.

Why do we buy into the 'cult' of overwork?

By Bryan Lufkin, 9th May 2021

Although many of us associate overly ambitious workaholism with the 1980s and the finance industry, the tendency to devote ourselves to work and glamourize long-hours culture remains as pervasive as ever. In fact, it is expanding into more sectors and professions, in slightly different packaging. Overwork isn't a phenomenon exclusive to Silicon Valley or Wall Street. People work long hours all over the world, for many different reasons

In Japan, a culture of overwork can be traced back to the 1950s, when the government pushed hard for the country to be rebuilt quickly after World War Two. In Arab League countries, burnout is high among medical professionals, possibly because its 22 members are developing nations with overburdened healthcare systems, studies suggest. Reasons for overwork also depend on industry. Some of the earliest researchers on burnout in the 1970s asserted that many people in jobs geared toward helping others, like employees in clinics or crisis-intervention centers, tended to work long hours that led to emotional and physical exhaustion – a trend which is shown up in the pandemic, too. But millions of us overwork because somehow, we think it’s exciting – a status symbol that puts us on the path to success, whether we define that by wealth or an Instagram post that makes it seem like we're living a dream life with a dream job. Romanticization of work seems to be an especially common practice among "knowledge workers" in the middle and upper classes. In 2014, the New Yorker called this devotion to overwork "a cult".

According to Anat Lechner, clinical associate professor of management at New York University. "We glorify the lifestyle, and the lifestyle is: you breathe something, you sleep with something, you wake up and work on it all day long, then you go to sleep. Again, and again and again."

Consider the following text:

BBC News
Published July 13, 2021.

Like many of her peers, 23-year-old Ruxin scrolls her social media feed every day, but she is looking for something very specific - updates about cosmetic surgery.

Ruxin is planning to have "double eyelid" surgery where the surgeon creates a crease on the eyelid, that she hopes will make her eyes appear bigger.

Text below is formed by one single sentence. It is the type of sentence in which the first word is oneletter long, the second word is two letters, the third word is three-letters long, ...... the twentieth word is twenty-letters long.

Texto

An amazing sentence in English

"I do not know where family doctors acquired illegibly

perplexing handwriting; nevertheless, extraordinary

pharmaceutical intellectuality counterbalancing

[5] indecipherability transcendentalizes

intercommunication's incomprehensibleness."

Read the text below and answer the following two questions based on it.

How can having Bad Teeth Affect Your Heart?

Poor oral hygiene can affect more than your smile. Studies have shown that heart disease is linked to poor oral care because of the body’s response to inflammation caused by bacteria from infection.

Oral hygiene issues like cavities, gingivitis, periodontal disease, and untreated tooth decay can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, including heart attack and stroke. Although more research needs to be done on the link between oral care and heart disease, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of heart disease as a result of poor oral hygiene.

An untreated cavity can lead to periodontal disease, which causes your gums to recede from your teeth. The gap between the gum line is where bacteria can hide and grow that can enter your bloodstream and travel to your heart’s arteries.

When the bacteria in your heart’s arteries harden, a condition called atherosclerosis can form where plaque grows on the inner walls of the arteries. This restricts blood flow throughout the body and leads to heart disease.

Infected gums are sensitive, red, and may bleed when brushing or flossing. Gum infection is often a result of poor oral hygiene and should be addressed right away to prevent a condition called endocarditis.

This rare but serious heart condition develops when bacteria from infected gums spreads to the inner linings of the heart, which directly affects the heart’s valves. Endocarditis increases your risk of a heart attack.

The best way to protect your heart is to maintain a good athome oral care routine.

Read the text below and answer the following questionbased on it.

Significant developments in a new urine test for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men. Although there are effective treatments, such as radiotherapy and surgery for localized prostate cancer, men diagnosed with more progressive prostate cancer have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, a sensitive and specific screening test to detect prostate cancer in its early states is urgently needed.

Currently, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examinations have been used as the screening and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer. However, researchers believe that a simple, non-invasive technique using urine can be a more sensitive and specific way to detect the early stages of the disease. Urine contains more than two thousand different metabolites and can provide clues to the human body’s metabolism, including the disordered metabolism of cancer cells.

Researchers in the United States have taken the opportunity to develop a new urine test for prostate cancer based on the metabolite profile and RNA sequencing found in prostate cancer-specific urine. The researchers took an approach that only required one single pass of urine, without the need for prostatic massage prior, to prove their principle that a simple urine sample could be sufficient for the identification of prostate cancer biomarkers.

Metabolic profiles of patients without cancer were taken and compared with metabolic profiles of patients with prostate cancer to identify metabolic changes and prostate cancerspecific biomarkers. The findings are the first to report a distinct prostate cancer profile from altered metabolic pathways in patient urine samples that can be differentiated between patients with normal prostates and benign prostatic hyperplasia (benign enlargement of the prostate).

The researchers conclude that their findings are a significant discovery to developing a new urine test for prostate cancer that is simple, non-invasive and convenient. The study’s proof-of-concept should be further tested and validated in larger sample sizes before it can be clinically implemented.

Analyse the comic strip and choose the correct alternative.

Why do we buy into the 'cult' of overwork?

By Bryan Lufkin, 9th May 2021

Although many of us associate overly ambitious workaholism with the 1980s and the finance industry, the tendency to devote ourselves to work and glamourize long-hours culture remains as pervasive as ever. In fact, it is expanding into more sectors and professions, in slightly different packaging. Overwork isn't a phenomenon exclusive to Silicon Valley or Wall Street. People work long hours all over the world, for many different reasons

In Japan, a culture of overwork can be traced back to the 1950s, when the government pushed hard for the country to be rebuilt quickly after World War Two. In Arab League countries, burnout is high among medical professionals, possibly because its 22 members are developing nations with overburdened healthcare systems, studies suggest. Reasons for overwork also depend on industry. Some of the earliest researchers on burnout in the 1970s asserted that many people in jobs geared toward helping others, like employees in clinics or crisis-intervention centers, tended to work long hours that led to emotional and physical exhaustion – a trend which is shown up in the pandemic, too. But millions of us overwork because somehow, we think it’s exciting – a status symbol that puts us on the path to success, whether we define that by wealth or an Instagram post that makes it seem like we're living a dream life with a dream job. Romanticization of work seems to be an especially common practice among "knowledge workers" in the middle and upper classes. In 2014, the New Yorker called this devotion to overwork "a cult".

According to Anat Lechner, clinical associate professor of management at New York University. "We glorify the lifestyle, and the lifestyle is: you breathe something, you sleep with something, you wake up and work on it all day long, then you go to sleep. Again, and again and again."