Peter and David were on a train. Peter said, “See that Indian standing on the corner? If you ask him what he had for breakfast ten years ago hell remember.” “O.K.," said David, “Pl ask him.” He walked up to the Indian and said, “What did you have for breakfast ten years ago?” The Indian said, “Eggs." David did not believe the Indian. He thought that anybody could have said that. Ten years later David saw the same Indian he had talked to 10 years before. He walked up to the Indian and said, “How?” The Indian replied, “Scrambled..

Text for question

In 1645, a bloody war raged between Dutch settlers and the Portuguese empire over the sugar plantations of north-east Brazil. Trapped on either side of the conflict were the Potiguara, a powerful indigenous nation. They formed two different groups, each with its own leader, and each sided with one of the two European nations. At the
time, their leaders wrote a series of letters in the Tupi language, enticing their relatives to desert their lot and join enemy lines.

Now, a painstaking new translation of the correspondence has been hailed as a “huge achievement in casting new light on these unique sources written by a native people. The forthcoming publication is the fruit of 30 years of work by Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, a specialist in classical indigenous languages at the University of São Paulo.

The letters were first uncovered in the Dutch archives in 1885, but the texts were blotted and jumbled. Many words were not in existing glossaries of Tupi. avarro spent decades compiling a comprehensive ancient
Tupi dictionary, which helped him fully translate the letters, revealing the desperate efforts of the Potiguara chiefs to save their people from destruction.

“Its hugely exciting to be able to make this contribution to the history of my country,” said Navarro.

Question are related to the text below The Shadow Pandemic - Violence Against Women and Girls and COVID-19

243 million women and girls aged 15-49 have been subjected to sexual and/or physical violence perpetrated by an intimate partner in the previous 12 months. The number is likely to INCREASE as security, health, and money worries heighten tensions and strains are accentuated by cramped and confined living conditions. Emerging data shows that since the outbreak of COVID-19, violence against women and girls (VAWG), and particularly domestic violence, has INTENSIFIED. In France, reports of domestic violence have increased by 30% since the lockdown on March 17. In Cyprus and Singapore helplines have registered an increase in calls of 30% and 33%, respectively. In Argentina emergency calls for domestic violence cases have increased by 25% since the lockdown on March 20. Increased cases of domestic violence and demand for emergency shelter have also been reported in Canada, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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In a new survey of North American Indian languages, Marianne Mithun gives an admirably clear statement of what is lost as each language ceases to be used. “Speakers of these languages and their descendants are acutely aware of what it can mean to lose a language,” she begins – and this is perfectly true, although these speakers must have taken the decision themselves not to teach the language to their children. It happens all too often – people regret that their language and culture are being lost but at the same time decide not to saddle their own children with the chore of preserving them.

When a language disappears [Mithun continues] the most intimate aspects of culture can disappear as well: fundamental ways of organizing experience into concepts, of relating ideas to each other, of interacting to people. The more conscious genres of verbal art are usually lost as well: traditional ritual, oratory, myth, legends, and even humor. Speakers commonly remark that when they speak a different language, they say different things and even think different thoughts. These are very interesting assertions. They slip by in a book on anthropological linguistics, where in a book on linguistic theory they would be highly contentious. Is it true that “fundamental ways of organizing experience into concepts [and] of relating ideas to each other” are specific to individual languages and are therefore likely to be lost when a language ceases to be used? Is it true that when speakers speak a different language, they “say different things and even think different thoughts”? Again, the extent to which thought depends on language is very controversial. These questions must be now faced, because only when we have reached an opinionon them will we be able to accept or reject Marianne Mithun’s conclusion: “The loss of a language represents a definitive separation of a people from its heritage. It also represents an irreparable loss for us all, the loss of opportunities to glimpse alternative ways of making sense of the human experience.”

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When given the choice between a free meal and performing a task for a meal, cats would prefer the meal that doesn’t require much effort. While that might not come as a surprise to some cat lovers, it does to cat behaviorists. Most animals prefer to work for their food — a behavior called contrafreeloading.

A new study from researchers at the University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine showed most domestic cats choose not to contrafreeload. The study found that cats would rather eat from a tray of easily available food rather than work out a simple puzzle to get their food.

“There is an entire body of research that shows that most species including birds, rodents, wolves, primates — even giraffes — prefer to work for their food,” said lead author Mikel Delgado, a cat behaviorist and research affiliate at UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine.

In the study, Delgado, along with co-authors Melissa Bain and Brandon Han, provided 17 cats a food puzzle and a tray of food. The puzzle allowed the cats to easily see the food but required some manipulation to extract it. Some of the cats even had food puzzle experience.

“It wasn’t that cats never used the food puzzle, but cats ate more food from the tray, spent more time at the tray and made more first choices to approach and eat from the tray rather than the puzzle,” said Delgado.

Coffee is Good For You!

The cup of coffee you crave in the morning is good for your health. New studies show that caffeine can lead to all kinds of benefits. Drinking coffee reduces the risk of getting Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, gallstones, depression, cirrhosis, liver cancer, melanoma, and prostate cancer.

Studies show that drinking four or five eight-ounce cups of coffee a day lowers death rates. Compared to people who did not drink coffee, coffee drinkers were less likely to die early from all causes.

Now, about the calories. Cream and sweet syrups make coffee calorie-rich. An expert said that all the things people put into coffee could result in junk food. Sweeteners add as many as 500 to 600 calories per cup.

[…]

Decaffeinated coffee does not have the same benefits as caffeinated coffee. But, it may lower the risk of Type 2 diabetes and cancer.

So, there you have it. Coffee is a drink you can enjoy, and it may make you healthier.

Estudos indicam que o café que muitos desejam, pela manhã, é bom para a saúde. Após leitura atenta do texto, analise as seguintes afirmativas e faça o que se pede.

I - O café descafeinado pode diminuir o risco de diabetes tipo 2 e câncer.

II - Creme e xaropes doces não tornam o café rico em calorias.

III - Os adoçantes adicionam de 500 a 600 calorias por xícara.

IV - O café descafeinado não tem os mesmos benefícios que o café com cafeína.

V - Beber café reduz o risco de doenças cardíacas.

Read the text the bellow:

China’s facial recognition system comes straight out of a dystopian novel

[…]

As of 2020, China has millions of cameras installed across most ofits cities,to reach 600 million by 2021. Even with a mask, sunglasses, or makeup on, the technology can identify citizens and track every movement in realtime. It also labels their sex, age, and the colour of their clothing, as well as the colour, model, and license plate of any vehicle.

Observe the following statements:

I - Until 2020, China did not have cameras installed across the cities.

II - People will be recognized by the cameras, although they have a mask, sunglasses, or makeup on.

III - The technology can also identify the cars, including all their characteristics.

The question refers to the text below.

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You may want to skip the toppings on your next hot dog, or skip it altogether: Health researchers at the University of Michigan have found that eating a single hot dog could take 36 minutes off your life. In their study, researchers looked at 5,853 foods in the US diet and measured their effects in minutes of healthy life gained or lost. “We wanted to make a health-based evaluation of the beneficial and detrimental impacts of the food in the entire diet,” Olivier Jolliet, professor of environmental health sciences at the university and senior author of the paper, told CNN.

The team came up with an index that calculates the net beneficial or detrimental health burden in minutes of healthy life associated with a serving of food. It’s based on a study called the Global Burden of Disease, which measures morbidity associated with a person’s food choices. “For example, 0.45 minutes are lost per gram of processed meat, or 0.1 minutes are gained per gram of fruit. We then look at the composition of each food and then multiplied this number by the corresponding food profiles that we previously developed,” said the professor.

One of the foods researchers measured was a standard beef hot dog on a bun. Its 61 grams of processed meat resulted in the loss of 27 minutes of healthy life, Jolliet said — but when ingredients like sodium and trans fatty acids were factored in, the final value was 36 minutes lost. Consumption of foods such as nuts, legumes, seafood, fruits and nonstarchy vegetables, on the other hand, have positive effects on health, the study found. “The index is primarily there to help aid in selecting and using calories consumed on a daily basis to tweak a minimum of habits and make the minimum of change to obtain a maximum benefit for health and the environment from our food experience,” Jolliet said.

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In 1645, a bloody war raged between Dutch settlers and the Portuguese empire over the sugar plantations of north-east Brazil. Trapped on either side of the conflict were the Potiguara, a powerful indigenous nation. They formed two different groups, each with its own leader, and each sided with one of the two European nations. At the
time, their leaders wrote a series of letters in the Tupi language, enticing their relatives to desert their lot and join enemy lines.

Now, a painstaking new translation of the correspondence has been hailed as a “huge achievement in casting new light on these unique sources written by a native people. The forthcoming publication is the fruit of 30 years of work by Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, a specialist in classical indigenous languages at the University of São Paulo.

The letters were first uncovered in the Dutch archives in 1885, but the texts were blotted and jumbled. Many words were not in existing glossaries of Tupi. avarro spent decades compiling a comprehensive ancient
Tupi dictionary, which helped him fully translate the letters, revealing the desperate efforts of the Potiguara chiefs to save their people from destruction.

“Its hugely exciting to be able to make this contribution to the history of my country,” said Navarro.