Read the text below and answer following four questionaccording to it.

Doctors without Borders / Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
Every year, Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) provides emergency medical care to millions of people caught in crises in some 70 countries around the world. MSF provides assistance when catastrophic events—such as armed conflict, epidemics, malnutrition, or natural disasters—overwhelm local health systems. MSF also assists people who face discrimination or neglect from their local health systems or when populations are otherwise excluded from health care.
MSF is a neutral and impartial humanitarian organization that aims first and foremost to provide high-quality medical care to the people who need it the most. It does not promote the agenda of any country, political party, or religious faith, and, as such, endeavors to communicate its history, background, and capabilities to all parties in a given situation so that it may gain the necessary access to populations in need.

On any given day, more than 30,000 doctors, nurses, logisticians, water-and-sanitation experts, administrators, and other qualified professionals working with MSF can be found providing medical care around the world.
At its core, the purpose of humanitarian action is to save the lives and ease the suffering of people caught in acute crises, thereby restoring their ability to rebuild their lives and communities.
In the countries where MSF works, one or more of the following crises is usually occurring or has occurred: armed conflict, epidemics, malnutrition, natural disasters, or exclusion from health care.
Adaptado de: http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/our-work/howwe- work/types-of-projects Acessado em 1 de maio de 2015.

1 Climate change may not be responsible for the recent

skyrocketing cost of natural disasters, but it is very likely that

it will impact future catastrophes. Climate models provide a

4 glimpse of the future, and while they do not agree on all of the

details, most models predict a few general trends. According to

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, an increase of

7 greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will probably boost

temperatures over most land surfaces, though the exact change

will vary regionally. More uncertain — but possible —

10 outcomes of an increase in global temperatures include

increased risk of drought and increased intensity of storms,

including tropical cyclones with higher wind speeds, a wetter

13 Asian monsoon, and, possibly, more intense mid-latitude

storms.

The Future of Women’s and Children’s Health and
the Sustainable Development Goals

Next year, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) will be replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals(SDG) -- a set of even more ambitious targets for global development. In a bold attempt to create the healthiest generation of young women and children in the world, the new SDGs will require the near elimination of preventable maternal and child deaths by 2030.
What we have learned from the MDGs is that making the world healthier for women and children has a transformative effect on economic and social development. One recent study in the Lancet, Global Health 2035, found that reductions in premature death accounted for 11% of recent economic growth in low and middle income countries.
But despite this compelling evidence, public and private sector financing for women's and children’s health has not been adequate to achieve the MDGs and without additional investment the ambitious new SDG goals will not be reached.
The major sources of public-sector financing for global health in the MDG-era included the US President’s AIDS and malaria initiatives (PEPFAR and PMI), the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM) and the GlobalAlliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). The private pharmaceutical, energy, mining, and consumer goods sectors all rallied around these massive global efforts and as a result there has been strong progress in reversing the spread of AIDS and malaria and impressive reductions in vaccine-preventable child deaths, particularly from measles and tetanus.
We have not seen the same levels of investment in some of the most critical areas affecting women’s and children’s health. 2.5 billion people do not have access to a toilet. And pneumonia, the disease that causes more child deaths than AIDS, TB, and malaria combined -- still lacks public and private sector financial support with the majority of children who die from pneumonia each year failing to receive the recommended antibiotic treatment or oxygen therapy.
Adaptado de: <http://www.uschamberfoundation.org/blog/post/future-women-sand-
children-s-health-and-sustainable-development-goals/41836 >
Acessado em 18 de outubro de 2014.

Brazil cotton deal perpetuates an unhealthy status quo of subsidies

1. When is a victory for the United States not a victory

for the American taxpayer? When it’s an international

agreement like the one the Obama administration has

just reached to settle a long-running dispute with

Brazil over cotton subsidies. The roots of that dispute

lie in this country’s history of showering federal funds

on crop producers, including cotton growers. That

particular business received $32.9 billion from

Washington between 1995 and 2012, according to

the Environmental Working Group, largely through

programs that had the effect of rewarding farmers for

increasing production. The extra supply dampened

prices on the world market, so, in 2002, Brazil

complained to the World Trade Organization, which

ruled that US cotton subsidies were indeed

“trade-distorting” and authorized Brazil to retaliate

against US exports. The United States avoided

sanctions — not by reforming its programs but by

agreeing in 2010 to pay Brazil’s cotton farmers

$147.3 million per year.

2. In short, the US government bought off Brazil’s

cotton farmers so that it could keep on buying off its

own. Under the new settlement, announced

Wednesday, Brazil agreed to drop its case at the

WTO and to forgo any new ones during the five-year

term of the farm bill Congress enacted last year. In

return, the United States agreed to trim the modest

US cotton export credit subsidy program and, most

important, to pay Brazil one last dollop of taxpayer

cash, in the amount of $300 million.

3. This is good news to the extent that it fortifies

US-Brazil relations on the eve of a new presidential

term in that country and that it spares US exporters

from the threat of Brazilian retaliation, which could

have reached a total of $829 million per year. Yet, in

essence, the new deal perpetuates the unhealthy

status quo whereby the United States pays Brazil

____ the right ____ continue propping ________ a

domestic cotton industry that can ____ should learn

to compete ____ its own.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Concussions are brain injuries hat occur when a person receives a blow to the head, face, or neck. Although most people who suffer a concussion experience initial bouts of dizziness, nausea, and drowsiness, these symptoms often disappear after a few days. The long-term effects of concussions, however, are less understood and far more severe. Recent studies suggest that people who suffer multiple concussions are at a significant risk for developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disorder that causes a variety of dangerous mental and emotional problems to arise weeks, months,or even years after the initial injury. These psychological problems can include depression, anxiety, memory loss, inability to concentrate, and aggression. In extreme cases, people suffering from CTE have even committed suicide or homicide. The majority of people who develop these issues are athletes who participate in popular high-impact sports, especially football. Although both new sports regulations and improvements in helmet technology can help protect players, the sports media and fans alike bear some of the responsibility for reducing the incidence of these devastating injuries.

Perhaps the most important factor in reducing the number of traumatic brain injuries, however, lies not with the players, coaches, or the administrators, but with the media and fans. Sports media producers have become used to showcasing the most aggressive tackles and the most intense plays. BFL broadcasts often replay especially violent collisions, while the commentators marvel at the physical prowess of the players involved. Some sports programs even feature weekly countdowns of the hardest hits. When the media exalts such hazardous behavior,professionals are rewarded for injuring each other on the field,and amateurs become more likely to try to imitate their favorite NFL athletes. Announcers, commentators, television producers, and sportswriters should engage in a collective effort to cease glorifying brutal plays. In turn,fans should stop expecting their favorite players to put their lives on the line for the purposes of entertainment. Players must stop being encouraged to trade their careers, health, happiness, and their lives for the sake of a game.

1 The primary cause for the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in

the claim of two national movements on the same land, and

particularly the Arab refusal to accept Jewish self4

determination to hold part of that land. Furthermore

fundamentalist religious concepts regarding the right of either

side to the entire land have played an increasing role, on the

7 Jewish side particularly in the religious settler movement, on

the Palestinian side in the Hamas and similar groups. But

whereas the settlers received a blow when they failed to

10 prevent the disengagement from the Gaza Strip, Hamas won the

Palestinian elections, and after their breakup with Fatah and

their take-over of the Gaza Strip, they remain a dominant force

13 capable of blocking any peace agreement.

The Arab-Israeli conflict is further complicated by

preconceptions and demonizing of the other by both sides. The

16 Israelis see around them mostly undemocratic Arab states with

underdeveloped economies, backward cultural and social

standards and an aggressive religion inciting to hatred and

19 terrorism. The Arabs consider the Israelis colonial invaders and

conquerors, who are aiming to control the entire Middle East.

Since the Oslo peace process however, a broad

22 consensus has been formed that an independent Palestinian

Arab state should be established within the areas occupied in

1967. Polls on both sides show that majorities among Israelis

25 and Palestinians accept a two-state solution, but Palestinians

almost unanimously stick to the right of return of the refugees

to Israel, and most Israelis oppose a Palestinian capital in East

28 Jerusalem.

The Road Not Taken

[1] Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both

And be one traveler, long I stood

And looked down one as far as I could

[5] To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim,

Because it was grassy and wanted wear;

Though as for that the passing there

[10] Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.

Oh, I kept the first for another day!

Yet knowing how way leads on to way,

[15] I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence:

Two roads diverged in a wood, and I –

I took the one less traveled by,

[20] And that has made all the difference.

TEXTO:

The ‘STEM’ sell

When people think of jobs related to science,

technology, engineering, and math, or STEM as

America’s relentless acronym makers would have it, they

don’t usually think of blue-collar workers or applicants

[5] without full college education. But a new report from

Brookings Institution reveals what it calls “the hidden

STEM economy.” It estimates that about 26 million jobs

in the United States require a high level of knowledge in

one STEM field or another , but about half of those are

[10] attainable, in fact, to workers without a four-year college

degree. These are in manufacturing, health care,

construction installation, maintenance, and repair, and

they pay on average $53,000 a year, which sure beats

not working at all and is about 10 percent higher than

[15] jobs with similar educational requirements. Moreover,

these sort of jobs are spread all over the country, not

just in urban centers. But here’s the problem: of the

$4.3 billion the federal government spends to

stimulate and improve education in science, technology,

[20] engineering, and math, only about one fifth goes toward

the training of people who won’t get a bachelor’s degree.

Community colleges are virtually ignored. Brookings

advocates spreading the knowledge as well as the wealth.