TEXTO:

A baby born infected with human immunodeficiency
virus in Los Angeles, who received treatment within a
few hours after birth, is still showing no signs of the
disease a year later, doctors announced at the
[5] Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
in Boston. The child’s mother was not taking her HIV
medication while she was pregnant.
Although it’s too early to know for certain whether
the child is just in remission, doctors say the baby’s
[10] vitals are displaying differently compared with patients
with suppressed HIV. The baby is currently in foster care.
This is the second baby doctors believe to be cured
of the disease with very early treatment. Another child
from Mississippi received similar treatment when her

[15] mother was discovered to be HIV-positive during labor.
The child is now 3 1/2 years old and appears to be cured,
even though her mother was not administering the baby
her HIV medication at follow-up.

Read the text and answer question:

The Internet giant, Amazon, has put a warning on some of the 'Tom and Jerry' cartoons it offers to its customers. Visitors who want to buy or download the series 'Tom and Jerry: The Complete Second Volume' get a warning that the cartoons contain scenes that are racist. The warning says: "Tom and Jerry shorts may show some ethnic and racial prejudices that were once commonplace in American society." It added that the scenes were wrong when the cartoons were made 70 years ago, and are still wrong today. People say the character of the black maid in the cartoon series is racist. Some of the cartoons were edited in the 1960s because of worries about racism.

Tom and Jerry were created in 1940 by cartoonists William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. The cartoons won the Oscar for the best Animated Short Film seven times. The shows have become one of the most popular cartoons in animation history. Many people posted on Twitter to say it was "madness" for Amazon to put a warning on the cartoons

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The Biological Basis of Learning and Individuality

Elementary aspects of the neuronal mechanisms important for several different types of learning can now be studied on the cellular and even on the molecular level. Researchers agree that [some] forms of learning and memory require a conscious record. These types of learning are commonly called declarative or explicit. Those forms of learning that do not utilize conscious participation are referred to as non-declarative or implicit.

Explicit learning is fast and may take place after only one training trial. It often involves association of simultaneous stimuli and permits storage of information about a single event that happens in a particular time and place; it therefore affords a sense of familiarity about previous events. In contrast, implicit learning is slow and accumulates through repetition over many trials. It often involves association of sequential stimuli and permits storage of information about predictive relations between events. Implicit learning is expressed primarily by improved performance on certain tasks without the subject being able to describe just what has been learned, and it involves memory systems that do not draw on the contents of the general knowledge of the individual.

The existence of two distinct forms of learning has caused the reductionists among neurobiologists to ask whether there is a representation on the cellular level for each of these two types of learning process. Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb boldly suggested that associative learning could be produced by a simple cellular mechanism. He proposed that associations could be formed by coincident neural activity: “When an axon of cell A ... excite[s] cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficacy, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” According to Hebb’s learning rule, coincident activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, is critical for strengthening the connection between them (a so-called pre-post associative mechanism).

Snake “not guilty of killing Cleopatra”

[1] The story that Cleopatra, ancient queen of Egypt, was killed by a snake bite has been rejected as
“impossible” by University of Manchester academics.
Egyptologists and snake experts have combined to examine the plausibility of the tale of the queen
being killed by a cobra hidden in a basket of figs.
[5] They believe a snake big enough to kill the queen and two maids would not have been small enough
to be concealed.
They also challenge the credibility of three consecutive fatal bites.
Cleopatra, who died at the age of 39 in 30BC, was a ruler of Egypt who became embroiled in power
struggles within the Roman empire.
[10] But her story and her death have become part of popular legend, portrayed in fictional form from
Hollywood epics to Carry On films and television comedy. [...]
From Roman sources onwards, her death has often been attributed to a poisonous snake or “asp”,
with the queen using the fatal bite as a way of ending her own life.
But Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley and Andrew Gray, curator of herpetology at Manchester Museum,
[15] say the supposed culprit – a cobra – would have been too physically big to be concealed in the way that has
been portrayed.
They are typically 5-6ft long and can grow to 8ft (2.5m), and the Manchester experts reject the idea
such a snake could be hidden in the way suggested.

Even if such a snake had been smuggled in to Cleopatra, they say it would have been very unlikely
[20] that it could have killed Cleopatra and two of her servants in quick succession.
“Not only are cobras too big, but there’s just a 10% chance you would die from a snake bite: most
bites are dry bites that don’t inject venom,” said Mr Gray.
“That’s not to say they aren’t dangerous: the venom causes necrosis and will certainly kill you, but
quite slowly.
[25] “So it would be impossible to use a snake to kill two or three people one after the other.”
“Snakes use venom to protect themselves and for hunting – so they conserve their venom and use it
in times of need.”
Dr Tyldesley, author of Cleopatra: Egypt’s Last Queen, is a contributor to a free online course – a
Mooc – about ancient Egypt made by the university.
[30] The course, A History of Ancient Egypt, is being launched next week and will study Egypt from
before the pharaohs through the relationships with Greece and Rome and ending with Cleopatra.
(Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com>. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2015. Adaptado.)

“Isolation”, “consolidation” and “self-reliance” are different

terms used among Moscow´s political and business elite to

mean the same thing. In the face of international sanctions

occasioned by its support of the rebels in eastern Ukraine and its

[5] earlier annexation of Crimea, Russia is preparing to pull inward

and face a long period of diplomatic antagonism and economic

hardship. That process appears to be accelerating. On August

6th the Kremlin responded to Western pressure by announcing

that it will ban agricultural import from countries imposing

[10] sanctions on Russia.

By increasing his support of the rebels last month, Mr. Putin

has shown that he values his own understanding of Russia´s

historic destiny more than the economic well-being of his

country and its global reputation. He is making a risky bet that

[15] challenging the architecture of the post-cold-war order will reap

its own rewards and compensate for a drop in living standards.

Despite the crisis, such problems have not yet hurt Mr. Putin.

Indeed he is more popular than ever and his propaganda

apparatus is proving to be highly effective.

[20] Mr. Putin may be sending in Russian troops on the pretence

of a “humanitarian” operation. According to NATO, 20,000

Russian soldiers have amassed at the Ukrainian border. Even if

troops do not cross the border, the confrontation between

Russia and the West looks set to continue through the rule of

[25] President Vladimir Putin and, perhaps, beyond.

INSTRUCTION: Answer questionaccording to text.

TEXT

As the familiar story goes, not long ago there was an
orphan who on his 11th birthday discovered he had
a gift that set him apart from his preteen peers. Over
the years he endured the usual adolescent challenges
[5] – maturation, relationships, social conflicts, general
teenage neuroses. He also faced the less common
challenge of battling a murderous, psychopathic
wizard set on establishing a eugenic police state.
I’m referring to the young wizard Harry Potter, the
[10] protagonist in author JK Rowling’s wildly popular
fantasy book series; his nemesis is Lord Voldemort,
the story’s malevolent antagonist. And new research
suggests that Rowling’s world of house-elves, half-

giants and three-headed dogs has the potential to
[15] make us nicer people.

For decades it’s been known that an effective means of
improving negative attitudes and prejudices between
differing groups of people is through intergroup contact
– particularly through contact between “in-groups,”
[20] or a social group to which someone identifies, and
“out-groups,” or a group they don’t identify with or
perceive as threatening. Even reading short stories
about friendship between in- and out-group characters
is enough to improve attitudes toward stigmatized
[25] groups in children. A new study ___________ in the Journal
of Applied Social Psychology ___________ that reading
the Harry Potter books in particular ________________ similar
effects, likely in part because Potter is continually in
contact with stigmatized groups. The “muggles” get no
[30] respect in the wizarding world as they lack any magical
ability. The “half-bloods,” or “mud-bloods” – wizards
and witches descended from only one magical parent
– don’t fare much better, while the Lord Voldemort
character believes that power should only be held by
[35] “pure-blood” wizards. He’s Hitler in a cloak.

[1] The Paradox of Modern Life

[2]
[3] We are now more wired than ever. Researchers from the University of Glasgow found that half of
[4] the study participants reported checking their email once an hour, while some individuals check up to 30 to
[5] 40 times an hour. An AOL study revealed that 59 percent of PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) users check
[6] every single time an email arrives and 83 percent check email every day on vacation.
[7] “I live and die in email,” says IT manager Christopher Post in Camp Hill, Pa. “I found a PDA to be a
[8] double-edged sword. It can certainly allow you to do a lot more in any given day, but there is certainly a
[9] cost associated. I tend to lose out on a lot of other experiences, like when I should be paying attention at
[10] the dinner table.”
[11] You’ve got to take back control, says Edward Hallowell, MD, author of Crazy Busy: Overbooked,
[12] Overstretched, and About to Snap! “The great thing about modern life is you can do so much,” he says,
[13] “and the curse of modern life is you can do so much.”
[14] It’s the new epidemic, Hallowell says. “People joke about being crazy busy. Sometimes they brag
[15] about it, like being busy is a status symbol. But they don’t realize that it’s as harmful for them as obesity or
[16] cigarette smoking.”

The Future of Women’s and Children’s Health and
the Sustainable Development Goals

Next year, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) will be replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals(SDG) -- a set of even more ambitious targets for global development. In a bold attempt to create the healthiest generation of young women and children in the world, the new SDGs will require the near elimination of preventable maternal and child deaths by 2030.
What we have learned from the MDGs is that making the world healthier for women and children has a transformative effect on economic and social development. One recent study in the Lancet, Global Health 2035, found that reductions in premature death accounted for 11% of recent economic growth in low and middle income countries.
But despite this compelling evidence, public and private sector financing for women's and children’s health has not been adequate to achieve the MDGs and without additional investment the ambitious new SDG goals will not be reached.
The major sources of public-sector financing for global health in the MDG-era included the US President’s AIDS and malaria initiatives (PEPFAR and PMI), the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM) and the GlobalAlliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). The private pharmaceutical, energy, mining, and consumer goods sectors all rallied around these massive global efforts and as a result there has been strong progress in reversing the spread of AIDS and malaria and impressive reductions in vaccine-preventable child deaths, particularly from measles and tetanus.
We have not seen the same levels of investment in some of the most critical areas affecting women’s and children’s health. 2.5 billion people do not have access to a toilet. And pneumonia, the disease that causes more child deaths than AIDS, TB, and malaria combined -- still lacks public and private sector financial support with the majority of children who die from pneumonia each year failing to receive the recommended antibiotic treatment or oxygen therapy.
Adaptado de: <http://www.uschamberfoundation.org/blog/post/future-women-sand-
children-s-health-and-sustainable-development-goals/41836 >
Acessado em 18 de outubro de 2014.