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Why Ebola is so dangerous

July 31, 2014

The Ebola outbreak in West Africa is the world’s deadliest to date. According to the UN, 729 people have died as health officials in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone struggle to control the virus.

- What is Ebola?

Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). And that is just the beginning: subsequent stages are vomiting, diarrhea and – in some cases – both internal and external bleeding.

The disease infects humans through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats and forest antelope. It then spreads between humans by direct contact with infected blood, bodily fluids or organs, or indirectly through contact with contaminated environments. Even funerals of Ebola victims can be a risk, if mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased.

The incubation period can last from two days to three weeks, and diagnosis is difficult. The human disease has so far been mostly limited to Africa, although one strain has cropped up in the Philippines.

Healthcare workers are at risk if they treat patients without taking the right precautions to avoid infection. People are infectious as long as their blood and secretions contain the virus – in some cases, up to seven weeks after they recover.

- What can be done if I catch it?

You must keep yourself isolated and seek professional help. Patients have a better chance of survival if they receive early treatment. There are no vaccines, though some are being tested, along with new drug therapies.

Patients frequently become dehydrated. They should drink solutions containing electrolytes or receive intravenous fluids.

MSF (Doctors without Borders) says this outbreak comes from the deadliest and most aggressive strain of the virus, which kills more than 90% of patients. Other strains are less virulent and have a survival rate of up to 75%. However, it is not known which factors allow some people to recover while most succumb.

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Frequently Asked Questions – Instagram

What is Instagram?

It’s an application for your mobile phone that enables you to edit pictures you have taken with your mobile phone camera using built-in filters and share them with others. If you have an Instagram account you can tag pictures, rate and comment on other people’s pictures and follow other users.

How much is your app?

$0.00.

Where does the name come from?

When we were kids we loved playing around with cameras. We loved how different types of old cameras marketed themselves as “instant” - something we take for granted today. We also felt that the snapshots people were taking were like telegrams in that they got sent over the wire to others - so we figured why not combine the two?

How did the idea come about?

We love taking photos. We always assumed taking interesting photos required a big bulky camera and a couple years of art school. But as mobile phone cameras got better and better, we decided to challenge that assumption. We created Instagram to solve three simple problems:

- Mobile photos always come out looking mediocre. Our awesome looking filters transform your photos into professional-looking snapshots.

- Sharing on multiple platforms is a pain - we help you take a picture once, then share it (instantly) on multiple services.

- Most uploading experiences are clumsy and take forever - we’ve optimized the experience to be fast and efficient.

How does privacy work?

We have adopted a follower model that means if you’re “public” on Instagram, anyone can subscribe to follow your photos. We do, however, have a special private option. In this mode, a user can make sure he/she must approve all follow requests before they go through.

Who can see my photos?

All photos are public by default which means they are visible to anyone who has an account. If you choose to make your account private, then only people who follow you on Instagram will be able to see your photos.

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The Biological Basis of Learning and Individuality

Elementary aspects of the neuronal mechanisms important for several different types of learning can now be studied on the cellular and even on the molecular level. Researchers agree that [some] forms of learning and memory require a conscious record. These types of learning are commonly called declarative or explicit. Those forms of learning that do not utilize conscious participation are referred to as non-declarative or implicit.

Explicit learning is fast and may take place after only one training trial. It often involves association of simultaneous stimuli and permits storage of information about a single event that happens in a particular time and place; it therefore affords a sense of familiarity about previous events. In contrast, implicit learning is slow and accumulates through repetition over many trials. It often involves association of sequential stimuli and permits storage of information about predictive relations between events. Implicit learning is expressed primarily by improved performance on certain tasks without the subject being able to describe just what has been learned, and it involves memory systems that do not draw on the contents of the general knowledge of the individual.

The existence of two distinct forms of learning has caused the reductionists among neurobiologists to ask whether there is a representation on the cellular level for each of these two types of learning process. Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb boldly suggested that associative learning could be produced by a simple cellular mechanism. He proposed that associations could be formed by coincident neural activity: “When an axon of cell A ... excite[s] cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficacy, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” According to Hebb’s learning rule, coincident activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, is critical for strengthening the connection between them (a so-called pre-post associative mechanism).

TEXTO

NUMBER 34, RED

Several years ago, an elderty man walked into a gambling house in a Westem city, sat dowm at the roulette table and placed a few chips on number 34. The whee! spun, slowed down and stopped.

“Number 34, red. There you are, sir”, said the croupler.

The old man left his chips on 34. The wheel spun again, and again stopped on 34. The croupier looked questioningly at the okd man, but he remained silent, his head down, his finger pointing to 34.

“Number 34, red”, said the croupier monotonousiy when the wheel stopped at 34 for the third time.

By this time a crowd had gathered — whispering in amazement at the old man's growing stack of chips. And now, for five consecutive times, the finger continued to point at the winning number 34. Then the croupler announced:

“Sorry, ladies and gentiemen, but there will be no further play at this table.” Tuming to the old man, he added: “You have broken the bank, sir. Please collect your - ." He halted in wide-eyed astonishment.

Onty then did he realize why the old man had neither moved nor spoken since the first spin of the wheel. A dead man had broken the bank!

Why am I compelled to write? Because the writing saves me from this complacency I fear. Because I have no choice. Because I must keep the spirit of my revolt and myself alive. Because the world I create in the writing compensates for what the real world does not give me. By writing I put order in the world, give it a handle so I can grasp it.

Five stranded snorkellers rescued from tiny island off Australia after their huge SOS message was spotted by helicopter.

(Adam Withnall / Wednesday 23 April 2014)

Five snorkellers stranded on a tiny island off
the east coast of Australia have been rescued after
scrawling a giant SOS message into a nearby
sandbank.

[05] The group had been stuck out at sea for more
than nine hours after their boat’s anchor failed and
it drifted away.

They had been swimming around a remote
sandbar near Wigton Island, Queensland, when the
[10] vessel started shifting - with their mobile phones,
clothes, water and sunscreen all still on board – and
it had moved beyond reach before they had time to
react.

Speaking to the Courier-Mail about the ordeal
[15] yesterday, Lyn Forbes-Smith described how she, a
female friend and three male friends were facing
the prospect of a long, cold night surrounded by
ocean when they finally spotted an approaching
rescue helicopter.

[20] “We had sort of made plans about what we’d
do on the rock for the evening,” she said.

“We had reef walkers on thankfully, but we
had no food, water, cream, no hats, not much at all.
We just looked for the highest ground, we looked
for rocks where five of us could huddle together
[25] because we didn’t really want to separate, and we
wanted to be out of the wind as best as possible.”

Ms Forbes-Smith explained that they were
concerned the sandbar – and their message – would
[30] go under with the tide, but that they were
“reasonably confident” someone would come
looking when friends realised they had not
returned.

The group had set off from Keswick Island
[35] towards Wigton Island at around 8am for the
snorkelling trip, and it was around 5pm when they
first saw signs of help approaching.

Another member of the group, Craig Gilbert,
told ABC News of their joy at spotting an RACQ
[40] rescue helicopter.

“We saw the helicopter and we thought, 'Oh,
you beauty' - and then it disappeared and we
thought, 'Oh no - we better look out for our beds
for the night' - then it came back probably 20
minutes later,” he said.

Rescue helicopter crew member Damien
[45] Kross said the five were treated for sunburn and
dehydration, but were otherwise “fine”.

“They were a little bit dehydrated but we
winched them to safety and brought them back here
to Mackay on the mainland] for just to have a
[50] quick medical attention and they were all fine.”

36 hours in Buenos Aires

Contemporary Argentine history is a roller coaster of financial booms and cracks, set to the gripping political soap operas. But through all the highs and lows, one thing has remained constant: Buenos Aires’s graceful elegance and cosmopolitan cool. This attractive city continues to draw food lovers, design buffs and party people with its riotous night life, fashion-forward styling and a favorable exchange rate. Even with the uncertain economy, the creative energy and enterprising spirit of Porteños, as residents are called, prevail — just look to the growing ranks of art spaces, boutiques, restaurants and hotels.

Read the following text about the question.

Jane Eyre story (Charlotte Brontë)

My story ends. […]
And then, I saw the house. The house had no roof. Its walls were burnt and black. Nobody was living
there. I looked at the burnt, black house. I had seen this before. I had seen it in a dream! I was frightened.
Where was Edward Rochester? […]
‘I must go to Ferndean immediately.’
I got out of the carriage near Ferndean. I walked to the house. I Knocked on the door. A servant opened
it. I knew her.
‘Oh, Miss Eyre! You have come,’ she said. ‘Mr. Rochester’s bell,’ the woman said. ‘He wants some
candles.’ There were two candles on a table near the door. The woman lit them and she pecked them up.
‘Mr. Rochester is blind, but he always burns candles in his room in the evenings,’ she said.
‘Give the candles tome,’ I said. ‘I will take them to him.’[…]
‘I know that voice. And I know this little hand,’ Mr. Rochester said. ‘Is that you Jane?’
‘Yes, Sir, I have found you at last,’ I said. ‘I will never leave you again.’ Then I told Mr. Rochester my
story.
‘Why did you leave your cousins, Jane?’ Mr. Rochester asked. ‘Why did you come back to me? I am
blind. I have only one hand.’
‘I will have a wife, Edward,’ I said. ‘I will be your wife. I will marry you. I loved you very much at
Thornfield Hall. Now I love you more.’
Mr. Rochester and I got married. After a time, his eyes were better. He could see a little. He saw the face
of our first child! My dear Edward and I are very happy.

A imagem abaixo reproduz uma troca de mensagens eletrônicas entre uma mãe e seu filho.

Texto

Understanding Addiction
How Addiction Hijacks the Brain

[1] Key Points
- Addiction involves craving for something intensely, loss of control over its use, and continuing
involvement with it despite adverse consequences.
- Addiction changes the brain, first by subverting the way it registers pleasure and then by corrupting
[5] other normal drives such as learning and motivation.
- Although breaking an addiction is tough, it can be done.
What causes addiction?
The word “addiction” is derived from a Latin term for “enslaved by” or “bound to.” Anyone who has
struggled to overcome an addiction – or has tried to help someone else to do so – understands why.
[10] Addiction exerts a long and powerful influence on the brain that manifests in three distinct ways:
craving for the object of addiction, loss of control over its use, and continuing involvement with it despite
adverse consequences.
For many years, experts believed that only alcohol and powerful drugs could cause addiction.
Neuroimaging technologies and more recent research, however, have shown that certain pleasurable
[15] activities, such as gambling, shopping, and sex, can also co-opt the brain.
Although a standard U.S. diagnostic manual (the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fourth Edition or DSM-IV) describes multiple addictions, each tied to a specific substance or
activity, consensus is emerging that these may represent multiple expressions of a common underlying brain
process.
(Disponível em: <http://www.helpguide.org>. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2015. Adaptado.)