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Shoes with high heels are the fashion choice for many women around the world. However, a new study by Stanford University in the USA proves that wearing high heels over a long period of time can permanently injure the body. The study by a biomotion team from the University scanned the knees of healthy women as they walked at a normal pace in flat shoes, 1.5 inch heels and 3.5 inch heels. The results send a warning to women who want to wear high heels that they risk permanent damage to their knees. The researchers found that when women wear high heels, their knees are held in an awkward, bent position causing the joints to perform as though aged or damaged joints would – increasing the risk the condition known as osteoarthritis, which could require surgery.

Britain’s Daily Express newspaper reports a recent survey of 1,200 women that shows how popular high heels are. It said 93 per cent of women felt sexier and more feminine when they wore heels, 88 per cent said they considered themselves more stylish and 77 per cent said their heels made them feel slimmer. Most women prefer to ignore health warnings, and even the pain and discomfort of wearing heels, to look and feel good.

A British doctor, Tim Allardyce, said he regularly treats women with problems caused by wearing heels. “Because of the odd angle at which the feet are held in high-heeled shoes, it increases the downward pressure on the knees by 25 per cent, placing significant stress on the kneecaps, even when you’re standing still,” he explains. He added: “Standing and walking on the balls of your feet throws the skeleton out of its usual, healthy alignment, which means muscles and joints throughout the body have to compensate to maintain its centre of gravity and keep the body upright.”

Select the correct modal verb that fills in the blank in the paragraph below.

If apes go extinct, so could entire forests

Bonobos eat a lot of fruit, and fruit contains seeds. Those seeds travel through a bonobo’s digestive system while bonobo itself travels around the forest. A few hours later, the seeds end up being deposited far from where the fruits were plucked. And that is where the new trees come from.

According to a paper recently published, if the bonobos disappeared, the plants would also likely go extinct, for many trees and plants species in Congo rely almost exclusively on bonobos for seed dispersal.

The bonobo has two major functions here. First of all, many seeds will not germinate well unless they have been “handled” by another species. Stomach acids and intestinal processes make the seed more able to absorb water and later sprout.

Secondly, many seeds will not succeed if they remain too close to their parental trees. The seeds that fell to the ground near their parents did not survive because they were choked off by the nearby plants. The bonobos eat about 3,5 hours every day and travel a mean of 1.2 kilometers from meal sites before defecating.

(Adaptado de http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown /if-apes-go-extinct-so-could-entire-forests/.)

PASSAGE

THE NEED FOR SEXUALITY EDUCATION

According to Unesco (2009), the primary goal of sexuality education is to equip children and young
people with the knowledge, skills and values to make responsible choices about their sexual and social
relationships in a world affected by HIV. In addition to learning about the risks of pregnancy and sexually
transmitted infections (including HIV), children and young people also need to learn about the risk of sexual
[05] exploitation and abuse in order to recognize these when they occur, to protect themselves as far as possible and
to identify and access available sources of support. Sensitizing children, parents, teachers, police and local
communities to the nature and extent of sexual violence, and giving permission to discuss it, are essential steps
in tackling it. Sexuality education can provide an appropriate framework and context for educating students
about sexual abuse. For example, distinguishing between “good” and “bad” touch, learning how to express
[10] feelings, to resist pressure and to seek help are all key aspects of sexuality education that are also highly
pertinent to sexual abuse.

PASSAGE

THE NEED FOR SEXUALITY EDUCATION

According to Unesco (2009), the primary goal of sexuality education is to equip children and young
people with the knowledge, skills and values to make responsible choices about their sexual and social
relationships in a world affected by HIV. In addition to learning about the risks of pregnancy and sexually
transmitted infections (including HIV), children and young people also need to learn about the risk of sexual
[05] exploitation and abuse in order to recognize these when they occur, to protect themselves as far as possible and
to identify and access available sources of support. Sensitizing children, parents, teachers, police and local
communities to the nature and extent of sexual violence, and giving permission to discuss it, are essential steps
in tackling it. Sexuality education can provide an appropriate framework and context for educating students
about sexual abuse. For example, distinguishing between “good” and “bad” touch, learning how to express
[10] feelings, to resist pressure and to seek help are all key aspects of sexuality education that are also highly
pertinent to sexual abuse.

This migrant crisis is different from all others

2015 was unquestionably the year of the migrant. The news was dominated for months by pictures of vast crowds shuffling through the borders of yet another European country, being treated with brutality in some places and given a reluctant welcome in others.

When researching a report for radio and television about the migrant phenomenon, it is possible to realize that there was nothing new about it. For many years, waves of displaced and frightened people have broken over Europe again and again and the images have been strikingly similar each time.

In 1945, ________________ (1) the ethnic Germans, forced out of their homes in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia and obliged to seek shelter in a shattered and divided Germany. More recently, we can see floods of Albanian refugees escaping from the ethnic cleansing of the Serbian forces in Kosovo in 1998 and 1999.

Yet there is one major difference between these waves of migrants in the past and the one we saw in 2015. Professor Alex Betts, director of the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford University says that it was the first time Europe faced people coming in from the outside in large numbers as refugees. He explains: “The fact that many are Muslims is perceived as challenging Europe’s identity.” European societies are changing very fast, indeed, as a result of immigration. In London, for instance, more than 300 languages are now spoken, according to a recent academic study. The influx of migrants reinforces people’s sense that their identity is under threat.

But how can the world deal conclusively with the problem? The former UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs, Sir John Holmes, blames global governance. “Other powers are rising,” he says - Syria is an example of this. “And the United States doesn’t have the influence it once did, so the problem’s not being fixed, no-one’s waving the big stick and we’re having to pick up the pieces.” We have endured an entire century of exile and homelessness and the cause is always the same - conflict and bad government. Unless these are dealt with, the flow of migrants will never be stopped.

Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-35091772

We’ve modified our behavior so we can text and walk

Texting – or checking social media or reading/responding to mail or reading the news or checking the weather or watching a video – while walking is a pretty common phenomenon. It’s so common that most people who own a mobile device have become texting walkers. Research suggests that these texters adopt protective measures to minimize the risk of accidents when walking. They’re less likely to trip because they shorten their step length, reduce step frequency, lengthen the time during which both feet are in contact with the ground, and increase obstacle clearance height. Taken together this creates an exaggerated image of walking, but it apparently slows the walker enough so that he registers some of what is happening around him and can compensate for it.

PASSAGE 1

(…) Today, Brazil’s “Sistema Único de Saúde” —or SUS— is cherished as a protection against steep medical
bills. “Brazil has the lowest rate of catastrophic health expenditures (2.2 percent) of nearly any other country in
the region," James Macnko, an associate professor of public health at New York University, told me. “That is a
higher level of financial protection than Chile, Mexico, and certainly the U.S. have achieved.” (…)
[05] Universal healthcare is also, as it turns out, relatively cheap: Brazil spends just 9 percent of GDP on
healthcare to the U.S.’s 18 percent. But the funding for the SUS system is split among the federal, the state, and
the municipal governments, and that’s where the trouble begins.(…)
Brazilians in the wealthy south tend to live better, healthier lives than their poorer northern countrymen.
The infant mortality rate of the north is twice as high as that of the south. That poor northeastern area of
[10] “Maranhão” has only about 0.58 doctors per 1,000 people, while the richer Rio de Janeiro has 3.44. The richest
fifth of Brazil's population is twice as likely to receive prenatal care as the poorest fifth. In 2012, between 62 and
75 percent of people in the south who needed kidney transplants received one, but only 13 to 27 of those living in
the rest of Brazil were able to.