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The Americas are Now Measles-Free

The Americas has become the first region in the world to be free of measles, following a 22-year vaccination drive against the disease which continues to infect tens of thousands of people globally, the Pan American Health Organization said on Tuesday.

The milestone was confirmed after no cases of the highly contagious disease originating in the Americas were recorded in at least three years, the PAHO said.

"This is truly a historic deed," said Carissa Etienne, director of the PAHO, which serves as the World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office for the Americas.

Globally, measles remains a leading cause of death among young children in the developing world. About 250,000 people were infected with measles last year, most in Africa and Asia, the PAHO said.

According to the WHO, the virus that can lead to deadly complications like diarrhea, dehydration, respiratory infection and encephalitis kills an estimated 314 people every day.

The last outbreak of measles that originated in the Americas occurred in Venezuela in 2002, PAHO said. But the region was only declared free of measles this year.

Justin Lessler, an epidemiology expert at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, said imported cases of measles - which remains widespread in other parts of the world - could still lead to small outbreaks in the Americas. "People still need to be vaccinated to maintain elimination," he said.

Before a separate, worldwide vaccination drive against measles began in the 1980s, the disease caused 2.6 million deaths a year worldwide - 12,000 of them in the Americas, according to PAHO.

Measles is the fifth vaccine-preventable disease to be eliminated in the Americas - after smallpox in 1971, poliomyelitis in 1994, and rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in 2015, the PAHO said.

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Early dinosaur relative walked like a croc

One of the earliest relatives of dinosaurs had some features we associate today with crocodiles and alligators, a study suggests.

Many palaeontologists have wondered what the earliest dinosaur relatives looked like, as the fossil record in this time period is sparse. Some assumed they walked on two legs, looking a bit like miniature dinosaurs. But the newly described creature walked on four legs like a croc, the journal Nature reports.

The 2-3m (7-10ft) carnivorous animal, unearthed in southern Tanzania, lived some 245 million years ago during the Triassic Period. It pre-dated the earliest dinosaurs. Prof Paul Barrett, one of the authors on the new paper, said: “This is a little animal that we call Teleocrater. It’s not very big...it probably would have weighed about the same as the average family dog.”

Teleocrater rhadinus appeared just after a large group of animals known as archosaurs split into one branch that led to dinosaurs, and another branch that led to today’s alligators and crocodiles. Its anatomy combines features present in the last common ancestor of these groups, such as a crocodilian-like ankle joint, with some features considered characteristic of dinosaurs.

The first fossils belonging to Teleocrater were discovered in 1933 in Tanzania. They were studied at London’s Natural History Museum in the 1950s. But these specimens were missing crucial bones, such as the ankle. Therefore, scientists at the time could not tell whether they were more closely related to crocs or to dinosaurs.

The new specimens were uncovered in the East African country in 2015, resolving some of those outstanding questions. They show that it is one of the earliest members of the archosaur family tree and that it walked like a crocodilian.

Teleocrater, along with other dinosaur relatives, lived across a wide range of different regions, from Russia to India to Brazil. The team’s next steps are to return to southern Tanzania to look for more remains and missing pieces of the Teleocrater skeleton.

TEXTO:

Genealogy
Genealogy — finding out about your family
history — is one of the most popular hobbies in Europe.
There seems to have been strong interest in tracing our
ancestry recently, and across the continent people are
[5] discovering their roots. Some of these people were
adopted and are now trying to find their biological parents,
but many are driven by a chance to learn more about
where they fit in to their family’s past.
It is not surprising that the rise in popularity of
[10] genealogy is closely linked to the technological
revolution — there are hundreds, probably thousands of
websites offering to help make the work easier for you.
Society has changed too. We no longer live in close
communities because many people have had to move far
[15] from their hometowns in search of work. After the initial
excitement of moving to a new town or city, people have
a tendency to want to rediscover their identity.
So how do you do it? It might seem obvious, but
many people forget that they can find out a lot by speaking
[20] to older family members. Call up an old aunt — or pay
her a visit. Older relatives are usually more than willing to
talk about the past. Many families have a Bible or a
photograph album with important names and dates written
in it. Keep a careful record of all the information you find.
[25] When you have learned all you can, the next step
is to search official records. You can often do this at your
local town hall, courthouse, or church. The websites
mentioned earlier might be able to do this for you, but
you will probably have to pay to access their databases.

[30] Researching your ancestry is not easy. If you’re
planning to look back more than three generations, you
need to be prepared. There will be many hours searching
on a computer, on microfilm, or in public offices. You
might have to go long periods of time without making any
[35] significant discoveries, or it could be worse — you might
find that your ancestors were not very nice people at all!
(Adapted from “Q Skills For Success Level 2 Unit 5”, Oxford University Press)

Syrian children in state of “toxic stress”, Save the Children says

Millions of Syrian children could be living in a state of “toxic stress” due to prolonged exposure to the horrors of war, aid group Save the Children says.

The damage to an entire generation of children could soon become irreversible without immediate help, it adds.

The stress of war has led to increased bedwetting, self-harm, suicide attempts and aggressive behaviour among many children, according to a new report.

The findings are based on hundreds of interviews in Syria.

Save the Children says its study is the largest of its kind into the mental health and well-being of Syria’s children amid the war, which began in 2011 and has left more than 300,000 people dead.

Save the Children spoke to more than 450 people in seven of Syria 14 governorates as part of its study, including children of varying ages, parents, caregivers, social workers, aid workers and teachers.

It found:

- Almost all children and 84% of adults said that bombing and shelling was the number one cause of psychological stress for children

- Two-thirds of children have either lost a loved one, had their house bombed or shelled, or been injured as a result of the war, according to adults interviewed (some had suffered more than one of these traumatic events)

- 71% of interviewees said that children were increasingly suffering from frequent bedwetting and “involuntary urination” - symptoms of toxic stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

- 48% of adults said they had seen children who had lost their ability to speak or begun to suffer from speech impediments since the war began

- Nearly half of those interviewed said children “regularly or always have feelings of grief or extreme sadness”

Hisham (not his real name) is a school teacher from the eastern city of Deir al-Zour, which is partially held by IS and partially by the government.

He, his wife and five children have now fled to the al-Hol refugee camp.

When the war first started, he said, children in Deir al-Zour found the sounds of shelling entertaining, like a game, until their relatives and people they know started dying.

Soon, they were spending all their time on the streets “because there was nothing to keep them occupied”, including schools.

His oldest child is nine, but “doesn’t even know how to add one plus one”.

Text

The latest software update for iPhone 6 handsets is rendering the devices useless if it detects repairs not carried ________ by Apple. The problem is known as “error 53” and has appeared in Apple products before. The Guardian reports that users’ phones were disabled after the Touch ID home button was repaired by a non-Apple engineer. Apple has confirmed that the error message is a “security measure” taken to prevent fraudulent transactions. “We take customer security very seriously and error 53 is the result of security checks designed to protect our customers. iOS checks that the Touch ID sensor in your iPhone or iPad correctly matches your device’s other components”, it said in a statement. “If iOS finds a mismatch, the check fails and Touch ID, including for Apple Pay use, is disabled. This security measure is necessary to protect your device and prevent a fraudulent Touch ID sensor ________ being used. If a customer encounters error 53, we encourage them to contact Apple Support.” In its report, the Guardian cites the experiences of a freelance photographer, Antonio Olmos, who says the problem occurred on his phone after he upgraded its software. “When Olmos, who says he has spent thousands of pounds on Apple products ________ the years, took it to an Apple store in London, staff told him there was nothing they could do, and that his phone was now junk”, the paper reported. Many iPhone 6 customers have been discussing error 53 on-line. At Apple’s discussion forums, one user named wallihall wrote: “With this update I’m unable to use the phone, and still have to pay for the phone itself. I did get the front screen replaced, and I understand that it’s now considered ‘tampered with’, but at least let me use my iPhone ________the old iOS system... I can’t retrieve old photos or important documents I once had”. Apple told the paper that iPhone software checks whether any repairs were authorised by Apple. A spokeswoman said: “When an iPhone is serviced by an unauthorised repair provider, faulty screens or other invalid components that affect the touch ID sensor could cause the check to fail if the pairing cannot be validated.”

TEXT 1

Fruit Juice, in Moderation, Not Tied to Obesity in Children

…………………….experts believe that drinking fruit juice may lead to obesity in children, but a new review has found that juice in moderation does not cause excess weight gain in children under 18.

Researchers pooled data……………… eight prospective observational studies of the association between regular 100 percent fruit juice consumption and weight gain. The analysis, published in Pediatrics, includes 34,470 boys and girls under 18.

The studies used something called the B.M.I. z score, …………………….statistically adjusts body mass index according to age. Changes in these scores of 0.25 to 0.50 are generally considered to put the child at risk for obesity.

After controlling for total energy intake, birth weight, ethnicity and other factors, a 6- to 8-ounce daily serving of 100 percent fruit juice was associated with a 0.087 unit average increase in B.M.I. z score in children 1 to 6 — equivalent to about 0.3 pounds. In those 7 to 18, there was no link ……………….. all between drinking fruit juice and weight gain.

The lead author, Dr. Brandon J. Auerbach, an acting instructor in medicine at the University of Washington, said that based ……………………. the current evidence, “consuming one daily serving of fruit juice is not associated with weight gain in children. So fruit juice in moderation, not more than a serving a day, is safe.”

Answer the questions from 29 to 31, according to Text 1.

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Airports ‘vunerable’ to attack

[1] The 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack was a
terrorist ramming attack which occurred on Saturday 30 June
2007, when a dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded with propane
canisters was driven into the glass doors of the Glasgow
[5] International Airport terminal and set ablaze. It was the first
terrorist attack to take place in Scotland. Security bollards
outside the entrance stopped the car from entering the
terminal, although the doors were damaged.
Security consultant Chris Yates said many of the changes
[10] put in place at Glasgow had been copied at other UK airports.
But he said that although some “weak points” in airport had
been addressed, others remained.
Since the attack, cars no longer drop off passengers
outside the main terminal building, which was fitted with
bomb-proof glass.
Fonte:BBC News GLOSSARY
(car) ramming attack – ataque no qual um veículo choca-se contra um local
propane canister – container de metal contendo gás propano
bollard – poste usado para manter um veículo fora de uma área em particular

Read the article and answer question.

Airports ‘vunerable’ to attack

[1] The 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack was a
terrorist ramming attack which occurred on Saturday 30 June
2007, when a dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded with propane
canisters was driven into the glass doors of the Glasgow
[5] International Airport terminal and set ablaze. It was the first
terrorist attack to take place in Scotland. Security bollards
outside the entrance stopped the car from entering the
terminal, although the doors were damaged.
Security consultant Chris Yates said many of the changes
[10] put in place at Glasgow had been copied at other UK airports.
But he said that although some “weak points” in airport had
been addressed, others remained.
Since the attack, cars no longer drop off passengers
outside the main terminal building, which was fitted with
bomb-proof glass.
Fonte:BBC News GLOSSARY
(car) ramming attack – ataque no qual um veículo choca-se contra um local
propane canister – container de metal contendo gás propano
bollard – poste usado para manter um veículo fora de uma área em particular

Treating the UK’s loneliness epidemic

Over a million people in the UK aged over 65 now experience chronic loneliness. This figure will only rise as our population ages. And research shows that severe loneliness affects people across their life course, including children and young people.

Chronic loneliness is as bad for our health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day and as damaging as obesity and physical inactivity. It is linked with depression, dementia and high blood pressure alongside a number of other conditions. Loneliness impacts on our struggling health and social care system, with evidence showing that those living with loneliness are far more likely to visit their local doctor or A&E. New research shows the health cost alone of loneliness is equivalent to some £12,000 per person over 15 years.

National and local policymakers are now waking up. Health and wellbeing boards across England are making loneliness a priority and the Welsh and Scottish governments have recently announced commitments to develop national cross-governmental strategies to address loneliness and social isolation.

We are calling on the UK government to follow suit and commit to the development of a UK-wide strategy for tackling loneliness and social isolation to help end this growing crisis.