TEXT I

“There are a trillion reasons why taking time to chill out might be the last item on your to-do list. But, here's why it should be a priority: "Being stressed will increase your susceptibility to catching a cold," says Ali. That may be because, over the long term, it leads to the ongoing release of stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids. These impede your body's ability to produce cell-signaling molecules called cytokines, which trigger a disease-fighting response from your immune system. "You're also less likely to take care of yourself — get ample sleep, eat right, exercise — when you're stressed," says Ali, which is crucial to upping your immunity.

Cold and flu can spread all too easily through touch. Keep your fingers away from your eyes, nose, and mouth as much as possible, and make sure to master the art of hand-washing. Soap and water remain your most effective tools there, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Germs can grow on bar soaps, so use the pumped kind — or better yet, a hands-free dispenser and choose regular soap over antibacterial. Lather for a solid 20 seconds before rinsing, and make sure to dry thoroughly (but not on your germy clothes!): "Damp hands are far more likely to spread bacteria than dry ones," says Dana Simpler, MD, a primary care physician at Mercy Medical Center in Baltimore.” (Adapted from: http://www.health.com/health/gallery)

The question refer to the text below.

“And they lived happily ever after”. That almost seems too good to be true, right? While many are out there searching for the top eight ways to find out if they are compatible with their significant other, some people are just trying to figure out where the term “Prince Charming” actually applies to any real-world relationship. Let’s throw it back to the movie Cinderella.

Cinderella, who had thus far lived a harsh, cold life with her evil stepmother and two stepsisters, was swept off of her feet at a ball by none other than Prince Charming himself. With his dashing good looks and perfect mannerisms, who wouldn’t fall for someone like him? From about the time girls were able to talk, they were taught that a handsome gentleman on a white horse would eventually come sweep them off of their feet and make them the happiest that they have ever been. Prince Charming, much like any hero, was designed to save a damsel in distress.

Girls everywhere are left thinking: “If the idea of Prince Charming does hold true today, where is my other half hiding?” That is overrated. It’s time we start saving ourselves. Don’t get me wrong. Everyone deserves happily ever after, but let’s try starting with ourselves first.

If there is anything I have learned on this venture to bettering myself before finding the right guy, it’s that I am human, and I am entitled to make mistakes in order to grow as a person. Humans are defined as being subject to weaknesses, imperfection, and fragility. Humans are flawed in almost every way possible.

Does that really sound like the Prince Charming that has been illustrated in movies, books, fairytales, etc. for us since childhood? But ladies, there is no such thing as the “perfect guy”. Prince Charming will have flaws just like you. He won’t always be tall, dark, and handsome. He won’t always have the perfect smile. And he definitely won’t be coming up to you on a white horse. But he will be perfect for you when the time is right and the right one comes along. Why wait until then to start living happily ever after?

Disponível em: www.huffingtonpost.com. Acesso em: 22 de fevereiro de 2018.

AUGMENTATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION: FACTS, FICTION AND CONTROVERSY

[1] Augmentation of brain function is no longer just a theme of science fiction. ________________(I) advances in

neural sciences, it has become a matter of reality that a person may consider at some point in life, for example

as a treatment of a neurodegenerative disease. Currently, several approaches offer enhancements for sensory,

motor and cognitive brain functions,________________(II) for mood and emotions. Such enhancements may be

[5] achieved pharmacologically, using brain implants for recordings, stimulation and drug delivery,________________(III)

employing brain-machine interfaces, or even by ablation of certain brain areas.

In this Research Topic, we welcome papers critically evaluating the existing methods of brain

augmentation, introducing new approaches and probing particular parts of brain circuitry and particular

neuronal mechanisms as candidates for an enhancement. We welcome scientists from different fields: from

[10] neuroscience of microcircuits to systems neuroscience of large-scale networks and neural engineering. The

work can be experimental or computational. Reviews and papers on philosophical and ethical issues are

________________(IV) welcome.

While the scope of possible relevant topics is broad, the authors are encouraged to clearly indicate how

their studies address the announced theme of brain augmentation.

[15]

Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and

journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide

an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Fonte: . Acesso em: 15 jul. 2017.

TEXT I

The Amazon Rainforest: The World's LargestRainforest

The Amazon River Basin is home to the largest rainforest on Earth. The basin – roughly the size of the forty-eight contiguous United States – covers some 40 percent of the South American continent and includes parts of eight South American countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname, as well as French Guiana, a department of France.

Reflecting environmental conditions as well as past human influence, the Amazon is made up of a mosaic of ecosystems and vegetation types including rainforests, seasonal forests, deciduous forests, flooded forests, and savannas. The basin is drained by the Amazon River, the world's largest river in terms of discharge, and the second longest river in the world after the Nile. The river is made up of over 1,100 tributaries, 17 of which are longer than 1000 miles, and two of which (the Negro and the Madeira) are larger, in terms of volume, than the Congo (formerly the Zaire) river. The river system is the lifeline of the forest and its history plays an important part in the development of its rainforests. […] Disponível em: http://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/. Acesso em: 07 ago. 2017.

Read the text below and answer the following questionbased on it.

Virtual reality may help relieve phantom limb pain.
In a recent study, patients experienced reduced phantom limb pain after playing an augmented reality car racing game that required them to move the missing limb. Phantom limb pain is the experience of pain in a limb after it has been amputated.

The underlying mechanisms responsible for phantom limb pain remain unclear. However, it appears that it may arise as a consequence of abnormal neural circuitry in central areas of the brain.

Limited success has been achieved with mirror therapy in which reflections of the unaffected limb can be used to create the illusion that the amputated limb is moving.

The latest study has taken the mirror therapy concept a step further; patients visualise and 'move' the phantom limb using augmented reality—‘phantom motor execution’. It was conducted in 14 patients who had been experiencing phantom limb pain since the amputation of an arm.

Sensors that could detect muscular activity were attached to the stump of the missing arm. The signals received by these sensors were then used to produce an image of an active arm on a computer screen.

Patients were trained to use these signals to control the virtual arm, drive a virtual race car around a track and to copy the movements of an arm on screen with their phantom movements. After twelve 2-hour treatment sessions, the patients underwent follow-up interviews 1, 3 and 6 months later.

Based on the patients' ratings, the intensity, quality, and frequency of pain had reduced by 50% after the treatment.

At the start of the study, 12 patients reported feeling constant pain whereas only 6 did 6months after the treatment. However, one patient thought that there was not a considerable difference in the levels of phantom pain before and after treatment.

Adaptado de: <https://www.newsmedical. net/news/20161202/Virtual-reality-may-help-relievephantom- limbpain. aspx?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_ campaign=AZoNetwork_TrendMD_0> (Acessado em 11 de outubro de 2017).

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Britain needs to go on a diet, says top health officials

The portion sizes of some of Britain’s most popular foods are to be cut, with health officials telling the public it is time “to get on a diet”. Public Health England (PHE) is targeting pizzas, ready meals, processed meat and takeaways, in a new obesity drive. The government agency has also urged the food industry to start using healthier ingredients and encourage the public to opt for lower calorie foods. It is all part of a drive to cut calorie consumption by 20% by 2024.

The target will apply to 13 different food groups, responsible for a fifth of the calorie intake of children. But PHE chief executive Duncan Selbie said the steps were as much about influencing the diets of adults. “Britain needs to go on a diet. Children and adults routinely eat too many calories, and it’s why so many are overweight or obese,” he said.

The agency is also launching a campaign encouraging adults to consume 400 calories at breakfast and 600 each at lunch and dinner. It is being seen as a rough guide for consumers to follow when they buy meals away from home. A quarter of food is now bought from cafes, restaurants, takeaways or as food-to-go from shops. PHE said major groups such as McDonald’s, Subway and Greggs would be promoting foods that kept people within these guidelines.

Currently adults consume between 200 and 300 calories more than they should each day. PHE chief nutritionist Dr. Alison Tedstone said the campaign would make it easier for “people to make healthier choices” by being able to judge what they should be eating in each sitting. “To get traction on this, the big-selling things need to change. A few healthy options on the end of a menu won’t help solve the nation’s obesity problem – we need the regular, everyday products to change,” she said.

(Nick Triggle. www.bbc.com, 06.03.2018. Adaptado.)

So here I am, upside down in a woman. Arms

patiently crossed, waiting, waiting and

wondering who I'm in, what I’m in for. My

eyes close nostalgically when I remember

[5] how I once drifted in my translucent body

bag, floated dreamily in the bubble of my

thoughts through my private ocean in slow-

motion somersaults, colliding gently against

the transparent bounds of my confinement,

[10] the confiding membrane that vibrated with,

even as it muffled, the voices of conspirators

in a vile enterprise. That was in my careless

youth. Now, fully inverted, not an inch of

space to myself, knees crammed against

[15] belly, my thoughts as well as my head are

fully engaged. I’ve no choice, my ear is

pressed all day and night against the bloody

walls. I listen, make mental notes, and I’m

troubled. I’m hearing pillow talk of deadly

[20] intent and I’m terrified by what awaits me, by

what might draw me in.

I’m immersed in abstractions, and only the

proliferating relations between them create

the illusion of a known world. When I hear

[25] "blue," which I’ve never seen, I imagine some

kind of mental event that's fairly close to

"green"—which I’ve never seen. I count

myself an innocent, unburdened by

allegiances and obligations, a free spirit,

[30] despite my meagre living room. No one to

contradict or reprimand me, no name or

previous address, no religion, no debts, no

enemies. My appointment diary, if it existed,

notes only my forthcoming birthday. I am, or

[35] I was, despite what the geneticists are now

saying, a blank slate. But a slippery, porous

slate no school-room or cottage roof could

find use for, a slate that writes upon itself as

it grows by the day and becomes less blank. I

[40] count myself an innocent, but it seems I'm

party to a plot. My mother, bless her

unceasing, loudly squelching heart, seems to

be involved.

In: McEWAN, Ian. Nutshell: a novel. New York: Nan A. Talese / Doubleday, 2016. p. 1-2