Antes da Idade Média, a ideia ocidental de cidade provinha dos gregos. E o coração da cidade grega era a cidadela, lugar onde se erguiam os santuários das divindades. Depois os romanos adaptaram essa ideia e criaram um núcleo urbano ligado aos deuses. Esses locais podiam ser cercados por muralhas. A ideia de cidadão ou cidadania não se restringia aos que moravam dentro das zonas dos principais edifícios. Aquele que pertencia à cidade pertencia a um mundo ordenado. Nesse caso então o critério de separação dos mundos não era uma muralha, mas uma abstração construída pelos homens. A lei.

A partir do ano 1000, a cidade não seria mais identificada somente pelo corpo de leis gerado pela comunidade. A sua estrutura geográfica também foi fundamental na elaboração de sua individualidade. Pouco a pouco surgiram instituições administrativas, militares e diplomáticas próprias aos espaços urbanos. E o mais importante: nasce uma consciência cívica local. Uma ligação moral e sentimental com a cidade em que se vive.

Leia o quadrinho para responder a questão.

Na cultura de produtos orgânicos é proibido o uso de agrotóxicos, como o herbicida metalaxil que, segundo a Anvisa, já foi banido do Brasil.

Don't write in English, they said,
English is not your mother tongue...
...The language I speak
Becomes mine, its distortions, its queerness
All mine, mine alone, it is half English, half
Indian, funny perhaps, but it is honest,
It is as human as I am human...
...It voices my joys, my longings my
Hopes...

A poetisa Kamala Das, como muitos escritores indianos, escreve suas obras em inglês, apesar de essa não ser sua primeira língua.

The Best Fifa Women’s Player

Marta

There are not many superlatives left to describe the magnificent talents of Marta. The Brazilian legend is quite simply one of the greatest players to have graced the game and that stance atop football’s podium has been strengthened after being named The Best FIFA Women’s Player 2018.

This year’s nomination to be the top women’s player on the planet was – incredibly – the 14th time that she has been labelled among the elite and 2018 represented the 12th time that she had been named in the top three. This year’s crowning as The Best is the sixth time she has been elected the world’s top women’s player.

But her coronation is not simply for her longevity, it is for her outstanding achievements during 2017/18, where she captained Brazil to the Copa america title and helped her club side Orlando Pride to a long run in arguably the most challenging women’s league in world football: the USA’s National Women’s Soccer League. Still going strong at 32, there is no doubt that Marta can be among the elite for many more years to come.

Considere os itens a seguir.

I. Entre as principais realizações destacam-se a estabilização da moeda e a redução da inflação, assim como a abertura do mercado interno e a integração do país no mercado internacional.

II. Entre as consequências negativas destacam-se a recessão econômica, a quebra de bancos e empresas, assim como o aumento das demissões e do desemprego em todos os setores da economia.

Impõe-se constar que o feito colonial espanhol foi agente decisivo na transformação econômica que originou o mundo moderno. Este feito criou o primeiro “mercado mundial” e conferiu, ao desenvolvimento da produção europeia, uma cobertura monetária cada vez mais abundante e barata.

Na Nova Espanha (México) e no Peru, apesar da legislação protetora e dos esforços de certos vice-reis, houve um declínio da população nativa, seguido da alta brusca dos preços da produção de metal.

Enquanto a colonização espanhola revoluciona a economia de dois continentes, vejamos quais são seus efeitos materiais sobre a metrópole. Para uns, “o ouro das Índias” serve para assegurar a hegemonia espanhola. Para outros, esse mesmo ouro é a causa da decadência.

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

In place of submitting a traditional application for admission, prospective students may choose to apply for admission under the Test Score Application System. Under this system, the University accepts as applications the official score reports from either the American College Test (ACT) or the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). High School juniors and seniors who take the ACT or the SAT should indicate this university as a score recipient of their ACT or SAT registration form. Upon receipt of the ACT Student Profile report or the SAT report, the Admissions Office will notify students of their eligibility for admission. Under this system, itis unnecessary to submit a high school transcript until after graduation unless the student wishes to apply for a scholarship.

Drinking coffee could help you live longer

Coffee not only helps you feel full of beans, it might add years to your life as well, two major studies have shown. Scientists in Europe and the US have uncovered the clearest evidence yet that drinking coffee reduces the risk of death.

One study of more than half a million people from 10 European countries found that men who downed at least three cups of coffee a day were 18% less likely to die from any cause than non-coffee drinkers. Women drinking the same amount benefited less, but still experienced an 8% reduction in mortality over the period measured.

Similar results were reported by American scientists who conducted a separate investigation, recruiting 185855 participants from different ethnic backgrounds. Irrespective of ethnicity, people who drank two to three cups of coffee daily had an 18% reduced risk of death.

Each of the studies, both published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, showed no advantage from drinking either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. Experts believe the antioxidant plant compounds in coffee rather than caffeine are responsible for the life-extending effect. Previous research has suggested that drinking coffee can reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, and some cancers.

Dr Marc Gunter, from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, who led the European study with colleagues from Imperial College London, said: “We found that higher coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of death from any cause and specifically for circulatory diseases and digestive diseases. Importantly, these results were similar across all of the 10 European countries, with variable coffee drinking habits and customs. Our study also offers important insights into the possible mechanisms for the beneficial health effects of coffee.”