Leia o trecho da notícia“Amazon fires: what is happening and is there anything we can do?” publicada no jornal The Guardian e responda às questões.

What is happening in the Amazon? Thousands of fires are burning in Brazil, many of them in the world’s biggest rainforest, which is sending clouds of smoke across the region and pumping alarming quantities of carbon into the world’s atmosphere.

Does this happen every year? Yes, but some areas have suffered far more than usual. In the worst-affected Brazilian state of Amazonas, the peak day this month was 700% higher than the average for the same date over the past 15 years. In other states, the amount of ash and other particulates in August has hit the highest level since 2010.

What is the cause? Most of the fires are agricultural, either smallholders burning stubble after harvest, or farmers clearing forest for cropland. Illegal land-grabbers also destroy trees so they can raise the value of the property they seize. But they are manmade and mostly deliberate. Unlike the huge recent blazes in Siberia and Alaska, the Amazon fires are very unlikely to have been caused by lightning.

A palavra “land-grabbers” consiste em uma justaposição das palavras land, que pode ser traduzida como terra, com o nome grabber, que pode ser entendido como a pessoa ou coisa que “agarra algo”.

Observe a localização de Caburé para responder à questão.

CABURÉ

Sitting on a sandpit a short distance from the Atlantic Ocean, this tiny settlement is a good starting point for reaching the northeastern part of the Lençóis Maranhenses by ferry.

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What does the word nationalist mean? (Part II)

It's also a word that means different things to different people. "There are different definitions depending on whose nationalism you're talking about," Paul D. Miller, a senior fellow with the Atlantic Council's Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, told CNN.

"Scholars generally differentiate between civic and ethnic/sectarian nationalism, that is, between rooting American identity in the ideals of the American experiment versus rooting it in some aspect of our culture, heritage, history, language or ethnicity. Civic nationalism is the same as what I would call patriotism, and it is essential to a healthy democracy. The second kind of nationalism -- sectarian nationalism -- is pernicious and dangerous."

But Raheem Kassam, a former senior adviser to Brexit leader Nigel Farage, rejects this second, more negative definition of nationalist.

"Nationalism is not inherently ugly. It is in fact inherently beautiful," said Kassam, who is currently a fellow at the Middle East Forum.

"Nationalism is a philosophy based around either the nation state, what we know colloquially as 'countries,' or around another identity factor, which could be religion, ethnicity, geography or even interests," he told CNN.

"In the case of President Trump, he is no doubt using the word to outline his belief in a nation of people unified by beliefs, interests and a common history. This is typically what nationalism has meant since the earliest references to it in human history, though there have no doubt been periods where nationalism, just like socialism or other philosophies, has been used to divide rather than unite, which is ironically the antithesis of its purpose."

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No texto,considere o contexto, a gramática da língua inglesa e as falas do Sargent e de Beetle no último quadro.

Leia o texto para responder a questão.

Does screen time affect children?

Worries about screen time are increasingly common. Parents (and some health professionals) worry that young people who take pleasure, zombie-like, in the cold glow of television, computer and mobile-phone screens could be storing up a range of social, physical, mental and cognitive problems for their future selves. Children are certainly spending a growing chunk of time looking at screens. Figures from Britain’s Office of National Statistics show, for example, that in 2010-11 8.6% of children aged under 16 said they spent more than three hours on social networks on a normal school day; by 2015-16 that figure had risen to 12.8%. At the same time, according to the National Health Service, the proportion of children aged 5-15 with mental disorders rose from 9.7% in 1999 to 11.2% in 2017. Are these sets of numbers linked?

In short: nobody knows. The limited evidence available suggests that the negative effects of screen time on mental health are tiny and not worth worrying about. But solid research is lacking. Ask any scientist if screen time has alarming effects on children and he will invariably ask in return: what do you mean by “screen time”? It could refer to anything from doing homework on an iPad and reading books on a Kindle to watching television and playing video games. Investigating the effects of screen time is like trying to measure the effects of food on people’s weight — it depends on the kind of food they eat, how often, and external factors such as exercise. It is the same with sleep problems.

Other concerns could be attributed to generational differences. Watching children absorbed by Minecraft or Fortnite could be an exasperating experience for parents unfamiliar with video games. It might lead them to wonder what is happening to their offspring’s brains. They may forget that video games can also be rich social experiences. Minecraft, for example, is often used by children as a social-media platform, a place where they can hang out and talk to their friends.

Coronavirus: What is 'flattening the curve’?

In epidemiology, the idea of slowing a virus' spread is known as "flattening the curve." Many countries are implementing "social distancing" guidelines to flatten the curve.

The "curve" researchers are talking about refers to the projected number of people who will contract Covid-19 over a period of time. Here's what one looks like:

The curve takes on different shapes, depending on the virus's infection rate. It could be a steep curve, in which the virus spreads exponentially, and the total number of cases skyrockets to its peak within a few weeks. Infection curves with a steep rise also have a steep fall; after the virus infects everyone who can be infected, case numbers begin to drop exponentially, too.

The faster the infection curve rises, the quicker the local health care system gets overloaded beyond its capacity to treat people. More and more new patients may be forced to go without Intensive Care Unit beds, and more and more hospitals may run out of the basic supplies they need to respond to the outbreak.

A flatter curve, on the other hand, assumes the same number of people ultimately get infected, but over a longer period of time. A slower infection rate means a less stressed health care system, fewer hospital visits and fewer sick people.

TEXTO – New Data on Autism Spectrum Disorder in 4- Year-Old Children.

CDC scientists published a report on the prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 4-year-old children. This report is based on information from the Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. Early ADDM is a subset of the broader ADDM Network, which has been doing ASD surveillance among 8-year-old children since 2000.

In this report, published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Surveillance Summaries, scientists analyzed information from the health and/or education records of preschool-aged children. Identifying children with ASD early helps families get access to services in their communities. This report provides valuable information on progress made toward early identification of children with ASD, and informs providers, particularly public schools, of upcoming service needs. The data in this report demonstrate a continued need to identify children with ASD sooner and refer them to early intervention.

Seven sites from across the United States were included in this report. These sites participated in Early ADDM for at least one year during surveillance years 2010, 2012, and 2014. However, trends in the prevalence and characteristics of ASD could only be analyzed across three sites: Arizona, Missouri, and New Jersey. This is because not all seven sites participated and had consistent data sources for all three surveillance years.

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Smoking damages eyes as well as lungs

Millions of people in the UK are putting their sight at risk by continuing to smoke, warn specialists. Despite the clear connection, only one in five people recognise that smoking can lead to blindness, a poll for the Association of Optometrists (AOP) finds. Smokers are twice as likely to lose their sight compared with non-smokers.

That is because tobacco smoke can cause and worsen a number of eye conditions. Cigarette smoke contains toxic chemicals that can irritate and harm the eyes. For example, heavy metals, such as lead and copper, can collect in the lens - the transparent bit that sits behind the pupil and brings rays of light into focus - and lead to cataracts, where the lens becomes cloudy.

Smoking can make diabetes-related sight problems worse by damaging blood vessels at the back of the eye (the retina). In the poll of 2,006 adults, 18% correctly said that smoking increased the risk of blindness or sight loss, while three-quarters (76%) knew smoking was linked to cancer. The AOP says stopping or avoiding smoking is one of the best steps you can take to protect your vision, along with having regular sight checks.